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Article type: Cover
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
i-ii
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Naoki NISHINO, Keiko MIYASE, Mitsuaki OHSHIMA, Hiro-omi YOKOTA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
83-87
Published: July 30, 1997
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From a winter harvest of autumn-sown Italian ryegrass, long cut, short cut and pressed cake hay were prepared. The three hays were solely fed to goats equipped with rumen cannulae and the digestibility of nutrients, rumen fluid characteristics and in situ disappearance of dry matter were determined. The content of fibrous components increased during hay-making and the increased proportion was the highest in short cut hay and the lowest in pressed cake hay. The digestibility of pressed cake hay was similar to those of the other hays except for protein which was lower in pressed cake hay. The digestibilities of NDF and hemicellulose of short cut hay were significantly higher than those of long cut hay. Goats given pressed cake hay showed lower ruminal pH than those given short cut hay while maintaining less concentrations of volatile fatty acids after feeding. Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter revealed that short cut hay had less soluble fraction but higher rate of degradation compared with long cut hay. The pressing of macerated Italian ryegrass further decreased the soluble fraction but potential degradability was not lowered despite of the removal of highly digestible nutrients. The rate of degradation was similar between long cut and pressed cake hay. These results indicate that the chopping before hay-making would alter the characteristics of ruminal digestion of Italian ryegrass while not affecting the whole tract digestibility. Pressed cake hay was comparable to long cut hay in terms of digestibility and rate of degradation in the rumen.
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Jian-Guo ZHANG, Sumio KUMAI, Ryohei FUKUMI, Ikuo HATTORI, Toshiaki KON ...
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
88-94
Published: July 30, 1997
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The effects of applying a commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant and two commercial cellulases on the fermentation quality and chemical composition of naked barley straw silages were investigated in two laboratory-scale experiments. In experiment 1, naked barley straw was untreated (Control) and treated with LAB at 1.0×10^5 cfu (colony forming unit)・g^<-1>, cellulases (Acremonium cellulase, Meicelase and their mixture at a 1:1 ratio) at the rate of 0.02% fresh matter and combinations of LAB and above cellulases. In experiment 2, naked barley straw was treated with control and Acremonium cellulase or Meicelase at the rates of 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08% fresh matter and LAB inoculant was added to all treatments at the same rate as in experiment 1. All the laboratory silos in both experiments were stored at room temperature. Experiment 1, the addition of LAB alone had a relatively small effect on the silage fermentation quality, whereas the addition of cellulases markedly improved the silage fermentation quality as indicated by a greater decrease in pH and butyric acid content and a larger build-up of lactic acid. When cellulases were added with LAB inoculant, the fermentation quality was further improved as compared with either cellulase or LAB alone. Experiment 2, as the applying rate of cellulases increased, pH value, butyric acid content, the VBN content, the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber and cellulose of the silages decreased, whereas the contents of lactic acid, total acid, water-soluble carbohydrates and in vitro dry matter digestibility increased. Based on the results of both experiments, naked barley straw could be well preserved using cellulases added with LAB. Regarding cellulase as an additive of silage, Acremonium cellulase was more efficient than Meicelase and their mixture was intermediate.
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Jian-Guo ZHANG, Sumio KUMAI, Ryohei FUKUMI
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
95-102
Published: July 30, 1997
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Effects of temperature levels, moisture contents and cellulases on the fermentation quality and chemical composition of naked barley straw silage were investigated in two laboratory-scale experiments. In experiment 1, naked barley straw added with Acremonium cellulase (AC) or Meicelase (MC) was ensiled and stored in incubators at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50℃, respectively. In experiment 2, naked barley straw with moisture contents of approximately 50, 60, 70 and 75% adjusted with distilled water, was added with or without the above cellulases, ensiled and kept in the laboratory at room temperature. All silages below 40℃ had a more extensive fermentation than that at 50℃, and the highest butyric acid contents occurred at 30℃, irrespective of types of cellulase additives. The silages added with cellulase were well-preserved with pH values of 4.3 or less and high lactic acid content compared with the control. Moreover, AC additive was more effective than that of MC throughout temperature condition. Moisture contents had marked effect on the fermentation quality of silages. There were lower pH and higher lactic acid content in silages with a moisture content of 60%. The silages with moisture contents of 50% and 75% were of high pH values and the latter produced high butyric acid and VBN contents. Cellulase additives obviously improved the silage fermentation quality, particularly for the silages with the moisture content from 60% to 70%. Contrasting two cellulases, AC was superior to MC under any moisture condition. Cellulase as an additive partially degraded the structural carbohydrates of silages and decreased the contents of NDF, ADF and cellulose in comparison with the control silage, although it was not significant in both experiments.
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Qingsheng CAI, Koji ITO, Eiji TSUZUKI, Seiichi MURAYAMA, Yasuyuki ISHI ...
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
103-110
Published: July 30, 1997
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The growth characteristics before winter and their relations to overwintering were investigated from July, 1995 to May, 1996, using 6 varieties in Panicum maximum and P. coloratum grown in the field, for clarifying their variations in cold-tolerance and assisting genetic improvement for overwintering ability. Before winter, there were quite different changes among 6 varieties in the total number of living tillers, which increased steadily in Makarikari, while decreased gradually in the others of P. coloratum, i.e. Tayutaka and Tamidori, and did rapidly in 3 varieties of P. maximum, i.e. Natsukaze, Green panic and Gatton. The number of living vegetative tillers (VTs) was the highest and the percentage of number of reproductive tillers to the total number of living tillers (Prt) was the lowest in Makarikari. Percentage of regrown plants, i.e. the percentage of the number of plants with new regrown tiller (s) to all of the plants in spring (PRplant) was the highest in Makarikari, followed by Tayutaka, Gatton and Green panic and nil in Natsukaze and Tamidori. The PRplant was correlated positively with the number of VTs and negatively with the Prt from late October to late December, but was not significantly correlated with plant dry weight. In conclusion, the variety with a high overwintering ability in the genus Panicum has the characteristics of the greater number of VTs before winter, and has the higher ratio of living tiller buds on VTs.
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Suguru SAIGA, Yoshie NISHIMURA, Koichiroh IZUMI
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
111-116
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To assess the ability of X-ray microanalysis for evaluation of mineral concentrations of different organs and growths in orchardgrass, the relations between chemical and X-ray analyses were investigated for K, Ca Mg and P related to grass tetany and hypocalcemia. Six orchardgrass plants with high- or low-Mg concentrations were examined for three growths in 1995. The samples were separated into leaf blade, sheath, culm and head. Mg concentrations in leaf and in head were higher than in sheath and in culm. Correlations between chemical and X-ray analyses were high in leaf blade and low in culm. Among four elements, Mg showed highest correlations for all of four organs and three growths. Mg concentrations of high group selected by X-ray analysis data were significantly higher than those of low group. These high screening effects indicate high possibility to apply X-ray analysis to screen orchardgrass individuals for Mg at seedling stage.
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Yoh HORIKAWA, Takeshi YOSHIZUMI, Hideo KAKUTA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
117-123
Published: July 30, 1997
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Magnetite particles (Fe_3O_4), which have a magnetic property, were used to introduce foreign genes into mature maize pollen via bombardment with a particle gun, in order to increase the frequency of gene expressing pollen using magnetic selection. The bombardment with magnetite particles, initially, resulted in a low efficiency for transient GUS expression (0.085%). However, the subsequent magnetic selection caused a tremendous increase in the frequency of gene expression, 2.1%, while the frequency from using gold particles was, at most, 0.51%. Based on the above results, the bar gene, resistance to the herbicide biaraphos, was bombarded into the mature pollen with magnetite particles. The pollen selected magnetically after bombardment was pollinated directly to the silks, and the resultant seeds were obtained through natural fertilization. The 570 seedlings of them were treated with a biaraphos solution, and 14 seedlings were screened visually. The result from the PCR analysis for DNA extraction of these seedlings demonstrated that the bar gene was present in 3 seedlings. Present studies indicate that transgenic seeds can be produced through the direct pollination of transformed pollen. Thus, the gene delivery system using transformed pollen will be helpful in circumventing the limited host ranges and the use of in vitro tissue cultures in genetic engineering.
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Yoshito YAMAMOTO, Yoshimitsu SAITO, Hiromitsu KIBITA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
124-129
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The effects of fertilization and cutting on rates of root elongation, death, and turnover of pasture plants were studied using a fiberscope in mini-rhizotron. The examination was carried out in four plots set in a tall fescue-and orchardgrass-dominated pasture: (1) non-cutting plot with 100kgN・ha^<-1>・year^<-1> (LN), (2) non-cutting plot with 220kgN・ha^<-1>・year^<-1> (HN), (3) cutting plot with 100kgN・ha^<-1>・year^<-1> (LC), and (4) cutting plot with 220kgN・ha^<-1>・year^<-1> (HC). Root elongation rate tended to be high during April to June and October to November in LN and HN, while those in LC and HC tended to be high after cutting treatment. In LC and HC, seasonal changes in root death rates tended to follow the same pattern as root elongation rate. Average turnover rate of roots at nine different soil depths were estimated from the mean "present root length", and annual length of newly appearing roots and dead roots as 0.88-1.05 year^<-1> in LN, 0.80-1.28 year^<-1> in LC plot, 1.15-1.36 year^<-1> in HN, and 1.14-1.57 year^<-1> in HC. Turnover rate tended to increase at upper soil layers in both HN and HC.
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Yixin SHEN, Yasuyuki ISHII, Koji ITO, Shigeyuki TANAKA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
130-136
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The relation of growth with in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was examined in the field trials of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), treated by fertilization and foliar application of GA_3 and grow thretardant, PP-333. Fertilization treatment to the winter plant by the rates of 10, 5 and 0g/m^2 each of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O showed that the growth stimulation by fertilization had less effect on IVDMD, owing to the non-significant effect on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration. However, after an equal amount of top-dressing (5g/m^2 each of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O) to the spring plant on all plots, increase in NDF concentration of whole plant had a significantly positive relation with relative growth rate (r=0.975, P<0.05), which tended to lower IVDMD. It suggested that rapid growth reduced IVDMD due to the increase in NDF concentration under the same fertilization condition. Growth stimulation by GA_3 application (90ml/m^2 of 200ppm solution) tended to lower IVDMD, while growth retardation by PP-333 application (90ml/m^2 of 860ppm solution) improved IVDMD. The effects of growth regulators on IVDMD were more evident in spring than in winter, which was associated with the degree of the changes in growth.
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Kiich FUKUYAMA, Koji ITO
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
137-143
Published: July 30, 1997
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The effects of cutting interval and heading on the dry matter production were investigated in guineagrass (cv. Natsukaze) (GN) and green panic (GG). The grasses were subjected to three levels of cutting frequencies; every 21 days, each time the canopy intercepted about 95% of solar radiation, and twice at the maximum heading stage. The annual dry matter yield increased with decrease in the cutting frequency in both species, and the response was greater in GN than in GG. The heading ratio (percentage of heading tiller number to total tiller number, HP) decreased as the cutting frequency increased in both species. In GG, the crop growth rate of top (CGRt) increased with increasing HP at the early heading stage. However the increase in CGRt was gradually depressed with the progress of the heading stage, and finally CGRt decreased with increasing HP at the maximum heading stage. On the other hand, CGRt in GN did not show a decreasing tendency with increasing HP. It was suggested that the difference in the annual dry matter production between the two grasses was caused by the different responses of CGRt to HP.
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Yoshihiko TAKEDA, Kazuhiko NAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
144-149
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The summer climate in Konsen district is characterized by the cool and humid weather with insufficient solar radiation due to the Okhotsk anticyclone. Severe cold of winter freezes the soil to depth of about 30cm because of insufficient snow insulation from cold air. Frost heaving may uplift legume plants because of the fine volcanic ash with plenty of water. The objectives are to determine the effets of rootsystem and growth habit of alfalfa cultivars on frost heaving in the first winter after sowing. (1) Significant difference among cultivars was found in winter injury after the first winter, closely associating with frost heaving (r=0.95^<**>). The plants with non-torn tap roots that were lifted up above the ground died due to desication and/or freezing. (2) Many Canadian cultivars with the strong fall dormancy, were severely suffered from frost heaving as compared with moderate fall dormant ones. (3) Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that about 70% of the total variance in plant uplift could be explained by the root size and the amount of top growth, and both traits contributed equally to uplift of alfalfa plant in Konsen district. Frost heaving was not related with lateral roots.
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Yoshihiko TAKEDA, Kazuhiko NAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
150-156
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Two tests were carried out to determine the difference among cultivars in winter hardiness and its relation with fall dormancy, leafy disease, plant survival and productivity in Konsen district with cool and humid summer and severe winter. One hundred ten cultivars collected from areas with contrasting environments. Their growth types, proposed by SUZUKI et al. belonged to the types III, VI and V. (1) Frost heaving and snow mold injury were not observed but large difference among cultivars in winter injury was found after the second year. It was suggested that the winter injury was resulted mainly from the freezing. (2) The winter hardiness estimated by winter injury was negatively correlated with fall dormancy(r=-0.60^<**> in exp.1, -0.85^<**> in exp. 2) and positively with resistance to leafy disease (r=0.61^<**>, 0.84^<**>). This indicates that cultivars resistant to the winter stress in Konsen district are characterized by comparatively vigorous fall growth and resistance to leafy disease, particularly Lepto-leaf spot (Leptosphaerulina briosiana). (3) Winter hardiness was also negatively correlated with spring vigor (r=-0.91^<**>, -0.95^<**>), first crop (r=-0.72^<**>, -0.78^<**>), and stand coverage (r=-0.85^<**>, -0.89^<**>). Winter hardiness is considered to be a limiting factor of productivity and plant survival in Konsen district.
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Yoshihiko TAKEDA, Kazuhiko NAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
157-163
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Lepto-leaf spot caused by Leptosphaerulina briosiana, foliar disease, is prevalent in Konsen district with the cool and humid weather in the summer. The resistance to Lepto-leaf spot is very important for the establishment and persistence of alfalfa plant. Two tests were carried out to determine the difference among cultivars in Lepto-leaf spot under the field condition. (1) Differences among cultivars in Lepto-leaf spot were extremely large and stable among growing seasons or among years under the natural infection. Broad sense heritability of resistance to Lepto-leaf spot was high (0.8), suggesting that the selection of resistance to Lepto-leaf spot may be effective under the field condition in Konsen district. (2) Cultivars originated from Flemish origin with the growth type III were more resistant to Lepto-leaf spot than cultivars from other germplasms. Exceptionaly, a few cultivars of M. varia origin belonging to growth type IV had relatively high resistance to Lepto-leaf spot. They would become sources of resisttance to Lepto-leaf spot.
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Mitsuru TOMA, Masahiko SAIGUSA, Kyoichi SHIBUYA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
164-167
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Improvement of sulfur nutrition of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) by phosphogypsum was evaluated. Phosphogypsum is a by-product of phosphoric acid production and 1.9 million Mg is produced annually in Japan. Recently the utilization of phosphogypsum in the agricultural field is under consideration. The experiments were conducted in two aged pastures (3 and 13 years after establishment). 1. The dry matter yields were increased 11 and 4% in 3 years old field and 12 and 9% in 13 years old field with 120 and 600kg ha^<-1> phosphogypsum applications, respectively. 2. Sulfur contents of orchardgrass of no treatment plots in 3 and 13 years old fields were 0.09 and 0.06%, respectively, which were lower than the critical value of sulfur content (0.1%) defined by the Japanese feeding standard for beef cattle. With 600kg ha^<-1> phosphogypsum application, sulfur content of orchardgrass was increased to 0.13% and 0.1% in 3 and 13 years old fields, respectively. 3. Available sulfur content of soil was significantly increased from 34.3mg kg^<-1> to 100.1mg kg^<-1> with 600kg ha^<-1> phosphogypsum application in 13 years old field. From these results, it was concluded that phosphogypsum is useful as sulfur supply material to crops.
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Tsuneo KONDO, Tomoko OHSHITA, Tadashi KYUMA, Eiko TOUNO, Masaru MURAI
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
168-170
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Osamu KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
171-178
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In many studies on digestion of forages, the chemical composition, obtained from analyses on a finely ground sample of the plant, is often discussed in relation to its digestibility with the assumption that forages having the same chemical composition may also have the same digestibility. However, forages are not homogeneous mixtures of chemical substances as shown by the chemical analyses, but are composed of different plant tissues varying in structural and chemical characteristics, which appear to have a certain influence on the digestion in the rumen. Microscopic studies have demonstrated that forage is composed of various plant tissues with structural and digestibility characteristics. Therefore, microscopy can be very useful in understanding the mechanism of forage digestion. However, it is difficult to quantify accurately the chemical composition and the digestibility of plant tissues through a microscope. It is necessary to introduce quantitative histochemistry into research on forage digestion.
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Shuichi SUGIYAMA
Article type: Article
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
179-185
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The shift in dominant species with time in grasslands has been a major concern of studies of grassland ecology. In this article, I reviewed the two theories which have been recently proposed to explain successional changes in component species in grasslands by the two plant ecologists, Tilman and Berendse. The both theories are based on the same assumption that the changes in dominant species are caused by the changes in resource environments and the differences in growth response to resource availability among species. However, the two theories differ in the underlying biological factors responsible for the changes in dominant species in grasslands. TILMAN suggested the trade-off between root and shoot functions as a critical factor causing changes in dominant species, whiles BERENDSE suggested the trade-off between biomass productivity per unit nitrogen and nitrogen loss rate per unit biomass. These theories seem to be useful in explaining the changes in the component species from tall grasses to short grasses or Zoysia species in Japanese swards.
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Article type: Appendix
1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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1997 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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