Japanese Journal of Grassland Science

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Im Jahre 1961 an vier Kuhen und drei Jungviehen wurde der Weidegang durch die Form der Umtriebsweide mit 0.77 ha. Weideflache durchgefuhrt. Und wurden nicht nur Fresszeit, Ruhepause, Hohe des Grasses, Zeit des Weideganges und Besatzstarke, sondern auch die Fressmenge des Beifutters, Milchmenge und Lebendge wicht des Tieres gemessen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Zahl der Koppel, Hohe des Grasses, Fress zeit, Ruhepause und Besatzstarke wurde untersucht. Sowohl auch wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Gesundheitzustand, Fruchtbarkeit und Weidegang untersucht. 1) Es wurde gefunden und beobachtet, dass die Besatzstarke in engem Zusammenhang mit der Zahl der Koppel, der Ruhepause, der Fresszeit und der Hohe des Grasses stand. Um Weideflache je Stuck Grossvieh zu verkleinern und um auf der ganze Weideflache die gewunschte grashohe zu verrichten, soll die Zahl der Weidekoppel mindestens um 7 erhoht werden und soll die Tiere im Fruhjahr sehr zeitig auf die Weide getrieben werden. 2) Es ist denkbar wichtigst, dass um bei intensiver Weidenutzung die Hochstertrage an verdaulichen Roheiweiss und Starkeeinheit zu entzielen, sodas Wiedegras zur Zeit der Nutzung nicht kurzer als etwa 15 c.m. und nicht langer als etwa 35 cm. sein soll. Um eine richtige Futternutzung zu gewahrleisten, ist es unerlasslich, dass das eiweissreiche und rohfaserarme Junggras der Intensivweide mit der bescheidenen Mengen des rohfaserreichen und eiweissarmen Beifutters erganzt werden muss. Als Erganzungsfutter kommen Stroh, Heu, Zuckerrubenschnitzel und dergleichen in Frage. 3) Die Milchleistung bei der Weidefuhrung ist sehr gut-bis ungefahr 30 k.g. pro Tag-und steht uber bei dem anderen Betriebseigene futter mit Leistungsmischfutter. Die Abnahme an Lebendgewicht ist grosser bei der mehr milchergiebigen Kuh als bei der weniger, und der Gesundheitzustand und die Fruchtbarkeit der Tiere werden doch bei der Weidefuhrung mit Beitutter denkbarnicht ungunstig beeinflusst.

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The main purpose of the present study was to obtain a proper method of recording cattle behaviour by pasturing and by barn-feeding. Recordings were made at 1/2 min. interval and the result was compared with those taken at 5 min. and 10 min. interval from the same data. The time spent in the following activities of cattle were recorded for each animal: (1) Grazing or eating, (2) ruminating, (3) resting and (4) idling (only by pasturing). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Three Japanese black beef cattle were used for pasturing and records were obtained for 15 hours from 4 a.m. to 7 p.m. during two days. They received no supplementary feed. The time spent for grazing were 56.8%, 57.3% and 58.3% of total 15×2 hour observation at 1/2 min., 5 min. and 10 min. interval respectively. Ruminating were 21.3%, 21.1% and 20.7% for each observation method. There were no statistically significant difference among three observation methods. 2) In the case of barn-feeding, three Holstein milking cows were tested for 24 hours per day during 2 days. They were milked twice a day and received reasonable amount of corn silage, hay and concentrates. The time spent for eating were 20.1% by 1/2 min. and 5 min. intervals and 20.4% by 10 min. interval respectively. Ruminating time were 38.7%, 38.8% and 38.4%, and resting 41.2%, 41.1% and 41.2% for each observation method. It was found that there were no significant difference among recording methods. 3) As a result, it can be concluded that the 5 min. or 10 min. interval method should be recommended for the observation of main activities of cattle on practical view point.

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Results of surveys concerning the amount of forage taken by cattle in grazing pasture, the method of estimating forage intake by body weight measurement and the effect of grazing on the grassland as follows: 1) In estimating forage intake by body weight measurement method, it was appropriate to obtain exact mount of dung and urine excreted which should be supplemented by the body weight decrease during grazing. 2) Forage intake of grazing plots of various grazing intesity compared with the amount of forage clipped at the same time was 65.5% at 40% grazing intensity, 83.6% at 60% level and 88.8% at 80% level respectively, showing the higher the grazing intensity the smaller the difference between the amount taken and the amount clipped. 3) Forage intake per hour was observed to be 2.2%±0.9 of the body weight in the morning and 1.6%±0.7 in the afternoon, the rate of forage intake being 120-160k.g. per are at about 20c. 4) The rate of Mehishiba (Digitaria adscendens (H. B. K.) HENR.) invasion in July through August was higher in accordance with grazing intensity but in grazed plot it was lower than non-grazed plot. 5) The amount of dung and urine returned to pasture for each grazing treatment was highest at 80% grazing intensity plot, The amount per are being 105kg. in which N: 0.5kg., P_2O_5 0.2kg. and K_2O 0.6kg. were contained. As a measure to control unedible over-grown area, disposal of dung was tried with less effective results. considering the dung distribution on pasture during grazing, restricted grazing of about one hour at a time was recognized to be proper as pasture utilization method by intensive grazing system. 6) Degee of soil compactness by grazing was increased accrding to increased grazing intensity' reaching 10cm. deep under soil surface.

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The phenological charts with curves connectig places where plants are in the same stage of development express climatic conditions of the investigated area and are useful in grassland research. This paper is chiefly based on field research carried out in the Miscanthus-type grassland in Kawatabi (140°50'E., 38°15' N.) from 1956 to 1962. In the Kawatabi grassland, 100 common native plants are grouped according to the time of flowering into three distinct types. The first group comes to flower from mid-April to late June (Carex nervata, Potentilla Freyniana, Disporum smilacium, Erigeron Thunbergii etc.); the second group, flowering throughout the summer (Aruncus silvester, Astilbe congests, Lysimachia clethroides, Prunella vulgaris etc.); and the third group, the autumnal type from mid-August to October (Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia japonica, Solidago japonica etc.). Forty species were compared with the flowering time of same species in the Nasu (140°0'E., 36°54'N.) district.

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