Japanese Journal of Grassland Science

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages Cover5-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.Cover5

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages Cover6-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.Cover6

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages i-iv
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.i_2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages v-vi
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.v_4

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Growth of Plant Tops, Stolons and Roots in First Year Swards of Centrosema pubescens and Desmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf : I. Seasonal changes in top growth

Hyoe TSUGAWA, Richard M. JONES, Robert J. CLEMENTS

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 53-64
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.53

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The first year growth of pure swards of the tropical pasture legumes Centrosema pubescens (centro) and Desmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf (desmodium) was compared under irrigation in subtropical eastern Australia. Plants of centro and desmodium were established at 40 cm spacing, and changes in the yield of green leaf, green stem, standing dead herbage and fallen litter were studied by sequential samplings of quadrats centered on both the plants and the interplant areas. Differences between the sampling sites were minor after the middle of the growing season. At the end of the growing season desmodium had higher yields (c. 1000 gm^<-2>) than centro (c. 750 gm^<-2>), but the leaf yields of centro (179 gm^<-2>) were higher than those of desmodium (124 gm^<-2>). Centro attained peak LAIs of 6-9 compared with 5-6 for desmodium. The practical implications of the proportions of leaf and stem are discussed. Both species had similar seasonal trends in relative growth rate, net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), specific leaf area and relative leaf growth rate. CGR peaked at approximately 10 gm^<-2> day^<-1> in the middle of the growing season, declining to 3.3 (centro) and 4.9 (desmodium) gm^<-2> day^<-1> towards the end of the season. The superior yield of desmodium was due to its slightly greater CGR, which reflected its slightly greater NAR than centro, over most of the growing season.

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A New Theoretical Approach to Growth Analysis for Pasture Plants

Naoto INOUE

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 65-76
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.65

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For quantitative growth analysis of pasture plant population, growth analysis formulae containing variables which have physiological, environmental and ecological meanings should be used. In this paper, formulae including such variables are proposed as follows : Net assimilation rate (NAR) can be expressed as the product of the efficiency of dry matter accumulation per unit photosynthetically-active radiation (E_<PAR>) and photosynthetically-active radiation intercepted per unit leaf area index (PARL). NAR=E_<PAR>・PARL. The relationships among leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), dry matter weight of a tiller (DMT), tiller number of a plant (TNP), plant density (PD). and tiller number per unit area (TNA) are described as LAI=LAR・DMT・TNP・PD=LAR・DMT・TNA. Thereofre, crop growth rate (CGR) is given as follows : CGR=E_<PAR>・PARL・LAR・DMT・TNP・PD=E_<PAR>・PARL・LAR・DMT・TNA. On the other hand, if we assume that chlorophyll amount per unit ground area (Chlorohyll index ; CHI) can be used in place of assimilatory material, CGR is expressed as the product of three components, i.e. photosynthetically-active radiation intercepted per unit chlorophyll index (PARG), E_<PAR> and CHI. CGR=E_<PAR>・PARC・CHI. Furthermore, if chlorophyll content on dry matter basis (CCD) is defined as "the ratio of assimilatory material per unio plant material present", the following relationships can be obtained ; CHI=CCD・DMT・TNP・PD=CCD・DMT・TNA. At any point in time the growth formulae can be written down as follows : CGR=E_<PAR>・PARC・CCD・DMT・TNP・PD=E_<PAR>・PARC・CCD・DMT・TNA. The variables in these formulae are multiplicative factors such as efficiency of dry matter accumulation, radiation absorption and plant population characteristics. These formulae can be linearized by logarythmic transformation and the partial regression coefficients, estimated by multiple regression analysis with standardized data set, are available as indicators, showing effects of physiological, environmental and ecological factors on CGR, if these factors are independent of each other.

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Comparative Ecology of Intraspecific Variants of the Chigaya, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (Alang-alang) : (3) Annual growth cycle of the 3rd year communities originated from the seedlings

Masayuki MATUMURA, Nizo NAKAJIMA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 77-84
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.77

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The authors previously distinguished the early biotype (E) of Chigaya from the common biotype (C) mainly in respect to its early flowering habit. From earlier field surveys, E-type was considered to be more fugitive than C-type in terms of the habitats. The present study aimed to clarify adaptability to the habitat with special reference to the early stage of community formation. Phenology, biomass and its allocation were investigated using experimental communities of each biotype. Ten harvests, 4 replications of 25 cm quadrat with 25 cm depth in each, were obtained from April to December in 1985. The bulk of E-type shoots headed out in early April immediately after sprouting and set seeds. In C-type, on the other hand, a few shoots headed out a month later, but failed in seed setting. This means that E-type of the species has not only an early flowering habit, but also much less time for pre-flowering vegetative growth. Consequently, dry weight of flowering organs in C-type was negligible. E-type showed nearly 3 g of panicles per quadrat with around 80% seed fertility, so the number of fertile seeds was estimated about 200 per panicle (ca. 96,000/m^2). The total biomass in C-type rapidly increased until summer with some spring depression, and reached maximum in late August. In E-type, it increased linearly throughout the growing season, and reached maximum in late November, showing one and a half times as much total biomass compared to that in C-type. The mode of dry matter allocation clearly differed between types, particularly in summer. The above-ground/below-ground ratio (T/R ratio) in C-and E-types showed nearly 1/1 and 1/2, respectively in late August, mainly due to the difference in rhizome weight. Sexual reproductive effort, roughly estimated, was no doubt higher in E-type suggesting a high colonizing-ability. This was considered advantageous in this type in terms of its fugitive behaviour. In connection with the competitive-ability, however, many complicated phenomena remained unsolve, although vegetative reproductive effort in E-type was higher than in C-type.

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Improvement of Temperate Pasture by Sod-seeding : III. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and trimming on the establishment of sod-seeded red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Shun TAKAHASHI, Yoichi NADA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 85-91
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.85

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For the establishment of red clover which is sod-seeded into orchardgrass dominant pasture, effects of nitrogen and trimming were investigated. Amount of nitrogen fertilizer was changed in 4 and 8 kg/10 a to estimate the effect of growth difference of existing swards. Trimming frequency was also changed in three levels to estimate the effect of the shading by existing swards. The trimming methods were "20 cm" in which cuttings were conducted whenever the plant length of existing orchardgrass reached to 20 cm after sod-seeding, ""40 cm in which cuttings were conducted whenever to 40 cm, and "control" in which cuttings were conducted three times in the year. Heavy nitrogen fertilization reduced the establishment of sod-seeded red clover in every trimming methods. In the autumn of sod-seeding year, the plant number of sod-seeded red colver was larger in order of "40 cm", "control", "20 cm" under low nitrogen fertilization, and larger in order of "40 cm", "20 cm", "control" under heavy nitrogen fertilization. Sod-seeded red clover in "20 cm" had the most beneficial light condition but its growth was restricted by the frequent cuttings. The results show that the low nitrogen fertilization and the trimming in which cuttings were conducted whenever existing orchardgrass reached 40 cm, were better for the establishment of sod-seeded red clover.

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Effects of Pelleted Fertilizer on the Establishment of Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis Surface-sown into Dactylis glomerata Dominant pasture

Tsuyoshi MITAMURA, Tetsuo SUYAMA, Shoohachi MURASATO

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 92-99
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.92

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Dactylis glomerata (OG) dominated pasture had been grazed by beef cattle without fertilizer application for two years before carrying out this field experiment in Iwate Prefecture in Japan. Plots were allocated to the fertilizer treatments using different granular sizes and Lolium perenne (PR) and Poa pretensis (KB) were surface-sown on the plots in late summer. Many seedlings of PR and KB survived in late fall of the sown year in all plots. Seedlings of both species in non fertilized plot showed very slow growth, which resulted in the development of some weeds such as Erigeron philadeplhicus, Digtaria violascens and Zoysia japonica seedlings in summer of the first year. On the other hand, in all the fertilized plots, PR seedlings showed rapid growth. As a result, PR made the greatest contribution to the yield the plots but KB seedlings did little. There were a few weeds in the fertilized plots in the next year. In spring of the second year, total yield of conventional fertilized and sown plot was 1.3 times of the same fertilized and no sowing plot. There were no appreciable differences in total yield among the fertilized and sown plots even when the fertilizers were different in granular size. However, PR of pellet fertilized plots showed more rapid growth than that of conventional fertilized plot in spring of the first year. As a result, the total yield of pellet fertilized plots were much composed of PR yield in spring of the second year.

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Spatial Leadership in Cattle Herd on Grazing Behaviour : 1. Its relation with social structure of the herd

Eiki FUKUDA, Iwao ITOH, Ken IZAWA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 100-107
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.100

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Existence of spatial leader and characteristics of social structure were investigated on cattle herd. Small herd composed of 11 steers was observed to record the disposition of each individual in the herd at 5 minutes intervals when they were grazing. And relation between social structure and social order was also examined. The result is a sollows. 1. Each individual appeared at some prejudiced positional orders in the herd. According to the pattern of frequency distribution of appearance at each positional order, each individual could be classified into 4 patterns ; Head type, Either end type, Central type and Rear type, which was named "psitional pattern." 2. When the individuals of Head type were removed from the herd, the individuals of Either end type appeared frequently at the head of the herd instead of them. When one individual of Head type was included in the herd again, the individuals of Either end type appeared at the rear of the herd. But the social combinations among each individual belonging to the same positional patterns were maintained. 3. As regards social order, Head type and Either end type were composed of both high- and low-ranking individuals, and Central type and Rear type were respectively composed of low- and medium-ranking individuals, that is, any type was formed of the combination among specific social orders. 4. As described above, this cattle herd would have social structure of "positional pattern," which was formed through the medium of the specific common positional orders for individuals in the same type, and which had specific construction of social order. And spatial leadership was almost demonstrated by the two types in this positional pattern, that is, Head type and Either end type without Head type.

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Effects of Cattle Dung Deposition on Energy and Matter Flows in Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) Pasture : III. Changes in aboveground plant dry weight and canopy structure

Masahiko HIRATA, Yasuhiro SUGIMOTO, Masahiko UENO

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 108-118
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.108

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Three treatments, ND (no dung deposition), JD (an artificial dung deposition in June) and AD (an artificial dung deposition in August) treatments, were applied to a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture rotationally grazed by Holstein heifers. In JD treatment leaf dry weight and stem dry weight of 10 cm<layers were heavier than those in ND treatment only during the first 2-3 months after the dung deposition. In AD treatment, compared with ND treatment, leaf dry weight of 10 cm<layers and stem dry weight of 0-10 cm layer were heavier during the first 2-3 months, and standing dead dry weight of 0-20 cm layers and stem dry weight of 10-20 cm layer were heavier thereafter. The LAI in AD treatment exceeded that in ND treatment during the first 2-3 months after the dung deposition, while the LAI in JD treatment was always similar to that in ND treatment. The SLW was larger in both JD and AD treatments than in ND treatment during the first 2-3 months. Season of the dung deposition in general gave a clear difference to the effects on the aboveground plant dry weight and canopy structure.

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A Feeding Experiment with the Fibrous Residue Silages Made from Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) and Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in Sheep

Tsutomu FUJIHARA, Yoshimi HANABUSA, Ryoji ISHIDA, Mitsuaki OHSHIMA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 119-123
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.119

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 124-138
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.124

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 139-145
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.139

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 147-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.147

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 148-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.148_1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 148-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.148_2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 20-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.20_2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages Cover7-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.Cover7

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages Cover8-
Published: September 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.34.Cover8

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