Japanese Journal of Grassland Science
Online ISSN : 2188-6555
Print ISSN : 0447-5933
ISSN-L : 0447-5933
Volume 24, Issue 4
Displaying 1-27 of 27 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages Cover13-
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages Cover14-
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Yoshifumi TAMURA, Masao HOSHINO, Kazutami TSUKUDA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 251-258
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Effect of long-day treatment in the fall on the changes of some morphological properties, on the growth and on the heading of Italian ryegrass were studied. Varietal differences in the response to long-day treatment were also investigated. 1) Plants grown under light-berak treatment (i.e., break of dark period by artificial illumination) showed heigher plant height, fewer tillers, thinner leaf and wider leaf area compared to the plant grown under natural photoperiod. No clear difference in the weight of a leaf were found. 2) Shoot weight were heavior in the treated plant than in the non treated plant at the later period of the treatment. It was recognized that the above results were brought about mainly by the earlier transition of plants from vegetative to reproductive stage by light-break treatment. And it was also confirmed that improvement of plant form for light-interception by stem elongation increased net assimilation rate. 3) In almost all cases, plant height, weight of a tiller, shoot weight and number of heading tillers became greater relating to the length of treatment duration. 4) Varieties low in requiremtns for floral induction which were originated in the low latitudes were considered to be more sensitive to long-day treatment in the fall. 5) A wide range of individual plant variations in a variety in their response to long-day treatment in the fall were found. 6) With respect to light sources for the long-day treatment, R (red light) lamp of 600〜700nm was considered to be the most effective, and B (blue light), BR (combination of blue and red light) and BLB (ultra violet) lamps relatively the less effective.
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  • Kou SHIBUYA, Toyokazu YAMADA, Hidenori HIROTA, Mutsuyasu ITO
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 259-269
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    The transiton of competitive superiority in a primary pasture canopy to the succeeding canopies after defoliation is still questionable. For example, can competitive advantages in a primary canopy be maintained being enlarged or diminished, or reversed in the secondary canopy after the first harvesting? It is important in the viewpoint of grassland management to solve this problem, because competition usually causes autogenous shift of the community structure. Factors causing primary competition must be made clear in the beginning of searching the answer. In the present report, seed size was firstly taken up as an initial causal factor of seedling competition. Heavy and light seeds of Lolium multiflorum LAM. (cv. Mammoth) were used in the following experiments. In Expt.1, the sizes of primordial leaf and root were microscopically measured. Heavy seeds were found to contain larger primordial leaf and root than light seeds (Table 1). In Expt.2, the period of endosperm exaution and early growth of seedlings were examined under a dark an 20℃ condition. Heavy seeds showed better growth of seedling and longer heterotrophic period than light seeds (Figs.2 and 3, and Table 2). In Expt.3, heavy and light seeds were separately sown at 0 and 2cm depths under natural light condition. Seedlings emerged from heavy seeds were heavier in weight and larger in root numbers both 3 and 5 weeks after sowing, and earlier in emergence 3 weeks after sowing than those from light seeds, though the difference of emergence was almostly disappeared by 5 weeks (Tables 3-5, and Fig.4). These results suggested that the seedlings from heavy seeds might take advantage in sharing light and nutrients in comparison with those from light seeds in their mixture because not only of better growth but of earlier emergence. In Expt.4, heavy and light seeds were sown separately and in a mixture in October. Light-seeded plants were significantly suppressed due to competition 3 and 5 weeks after sowing, but heavy-seeded plants did not indicate any positive effect of competition which usually might be expected (Tables 6-7). In Expt.5, seeds were sown twice in May 9 and 16 under high and low densities so that early- and late-seeded plants could be arranged in each separate and mixed plots. Effect of competition were clearly found particularly under the low density June 20 in such a way that the early grower showed positive competitive-values and the late grower negative ones (Tables 8 and 9). The foremost effect of competition was observed both in Expt.4 and 5 when leaf area index reached approximately to one (Table 10). From these results seed size is considered to be a major autogenous factor causing primary competition in a sown grassland community. Earliness of emergence, which is usually determined by seed dormance, seed size and/or depth of sowing, also seems to be similar.
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  • Kenji TERAI, Mikio KANDA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 270-276
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were grown at various densities in experimental field. The development of plant (genets) and tillers in each density were investigated. Although the relationship between mean plant weight and density had a tendency to conform to the so called competition-density law, the development of the plant population in higher densities was not conformed to the -1.5 power law through time. Tiller death took place in the majority of individual plant in the population and the rate of growth of surviving tillers was related to the tiller death. Consequently, the changes in tiller densities in various plant densities were showed to follow the common thinning line in the period of vegetative growth. However, during the reproductive phase and under a frequent cutting treatment, it was considered that the relationship between mean tiller weight and tiller density might alter with the lapse of time, with no density-induced thinning. The results were discussed by comparing with those obtained from other studies on grass populations.
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  • Masao NOSHIRO, Toshiaki HIRASHIMA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 277-284
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    The winter damage has been observed often in orchardgrass sward because of adverse climatic condition during winter in Nemuro-Kushiro district. To clarify the control method of winter damage in orchardgrass sward, as managements in spring and summer, cutting frequency (3 times and 5-6 times), level of N, K_2O application (each 15 and 30kg/10a), and as managements in autumn, fertilizer application in late August (5kg N and 10kg K_2O/10a applied and not applied), four dates of final cutting (not cut, mid September, early October, early November), and control of Sclerotinia snow blight disease (controlled and not controlled) were assigned to 32 plots (experiment based on 2^4×4 orthogonal array). This work was carried out at Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station (volcanic ash soil) from 1973 to 1977. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Orchardgrass sward partly decayed by winter damage was able to recover the density and to increase the productivity, through managements with less cutting frequency and high level fertilizer application in spring and summer. The production increased in the following spring, with the increased production by high level fertilizer application during summer. 2) Of the managements in autumn, the fertilizer application in late August increased autumnal productivity, stubble weight and number of newly emerged tillers in late autumn, and consequently increased the production in following spring. Winter damage increased in case of cutting in mid September and early October. On the other hand, the production in autumn was the highest and the production in following spring was high next to not cut in autumn, in case of cutting in early November. 3) It was important to insure regrowth tiller numbers in early spring more than about 1, 300 tillers per m^2, otherwise the productivity decreased. The managements paired high level fertilizer application in spring and summer with the fertilizer application in late August did not increase winter damage so much annually. 4) As mentioned above, decreasing of winter damage and maintenance of high productivity in orchardgrass sward was possible by conbinating managements as follow ; less cutting frequency and high level fertilizer application in spring and summer, the fertilizer application (5kg N and 10Kg K_2O/10a) in late August and final cutting in early November.
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  • Taminori KOBAYASHI, Shuichi NISHIMURA, Shigeyuki TANAKA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 285-288
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    To determine the growth responses to chilling temperature at early stage of development for three species of dallisgrass, setaria and green panic, growth analysis was carried out under the constant air temperature treatment of 15, 20 and 30℃ in the natural light condition at the Biotron Institute, Kyushu University. At the temperatures of 15 and 20℃, differences were found among the species in the values of relative growth rate (RGR) and other attributes. The growth depression or low value of RGR under the chilling temperature was closely correlated with the decrease in relative leaf (area) growth rate (RLGR) for three grass species and also in net assimilation rate (NAR) especially for green panic. Comparison of temperature coefficient Q_10 of RGR, RLGR and NAR indicated that dallisgrass was very responsive to chilling temperature only in RLGR, but for green panic there was high in all three attributes, while setaria had intermediate response between other two grasses. It was suggested that the specific growth response to chilling temperature was closely related to the winter hardiness and hardening process of each grass.
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  • Norihiro SHIMIZU, Koichi TAJIMA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 289-295
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Finger millet is a cereal that is extensively cultivated in Africa and India. Recently, finger millet has been grown as a fodder crop in central and southern lowland of Japan. Although only a few reports had been published on evolution, morphological variation and characteristics of cultivars, information on dormancy and germination of seed of cultivars had been meager and unsatisfactory. The present investigations were undertaken to elucidate effects of light, temperature, and their interaction on germination in relation to seed dormancy-awakening in cultivars originated from Africa, India, and Japan. The results obtained were as follows; 1) The seeds of tested cultivars, when stored at room temperature for about seven months, showed the wide range of variation in degree of dormancy. The seed of cultivar which inherits deep dormancy character, as Yukijirushi, could not germinate under any light and temperature condition, while the seed of cultivar which inherits shallow dormancy hcaracter showed full germination over a wide range of temperature. High temperature (30℃) and prolonged period of storage were effective for dormancy breaking. 2) The temperature range for germination was very wide, being from 10℃ to 30℃, even at early stage of dormancy-awakening. When seed dormancy was broken up, full germination occurred at any temperature regardless of light condition. 3) The tested cultivars were classified into the following three types, based on the response to temperature in germination in light at an early stage of dormancy-awakening. Type I: The germination percentage was high at 30℃ and germination at 30℃ was inhibited by dark condition. Iya (Japanese cultivar) belongs to this type. Type II: The germination percentage was high at 15℃ and germination at 15℃ was inhibited by dark condition. The cultivars of this type are African ones. Type III: The germination percentage was high at both 15℃ and 30℃ and germination at 15℃ and 30℃ was inhibited by dark condition. The cultivars of this type are Indian ones. 4) In all the cultivars tested, the light-inhibited germination occurred at 10℃. The dark period for three to five days immediately after seed soaking was necessary to induce germination at 10℃ in dark. Germination at 10℃ was inhibited when a brief interruption of light was applied during the dark period. The light break was most effective when at about the second or third day from start of seed soaking immediately followed by dark condition.
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  • Taketoshi YOSHIYAMA, Shigeru ONO, Nittaya SIRIKIRATAYANOND
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 296-302
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    In order to gain a better understanding of the seed germination characteristics of tropical grasses and legumes, preliminary studies were carried out at Pakchong Forage Crop Station, Thailand, over two years from April, 1972 to April 1974. The main results of the experiments were as follows: 1. In using six species of grasses and seven species of legumes, observations were made on the process of dormancy awakening in seeds stored at room temperature. The results indicated that these species could be classified into the following three groups with respect to germination rate and percentage. (1) High germination percentage, with high germination rate: sorghum, blue panic, columbusgrass, dolichos, centrosema. (2) Low germination percentage, yet high germination rate: Alabang X, green panic, Guineagrass (1971 harvest), alfalfa. (3) Low germination percentage, with low germination rate: Guineagrass (1972 harvest), leucaena, Townsville stylo. 2. By means of scarification of the seed coat, it was found that the main cause of seed dormancy in legumes was due to the hard seed coat. With respect to the process of dormancy awakening, species of legumes could be classified into four groups. (1) Absence of dormancy: dolichos. (2) Gradually and continuously broken dormancy: Townsville stylo and centrosema. (3) Repeatedly broken dormancy at short intervals: leucaena and alfalfa. (4) Repeatedly broken dormancy at relatively long intervals: siratro and perennial soybean. 3. High-temperature pretreatment (hot water, 80℃) increased both germination rate and germination percentage of dormant legume Townsville stylo seeds. Low-temperature pretreatment was also effective in breaking dormancy in legumes ; the lower the temperature, the higher the germination rate and percentage. In grass seeds, the effect of low-temperature pretreatment was relatively small and even uncertain compared with legume seeds.
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  • Shigeru ONO, Masao HOSHINO, Taketoshi YOSHIYAMA, Yoshiro TSURUMI, Nitt ...
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 303-309
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    To estimate the seed productivity of Rhodesgrass in North-eastern Thailand, an experiment was carried out at Pakchong Forage Crop Station from July 1973 to January 1975. Materials consisted of 12 lines developed by Grassland Division, Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station in Japan. Among the 5 harvests planned, seeds were not harvested in August 1974 as very few heads had emerged due to drought. Both the average of the 12 lines on head numbers per plant and seed weights per plant were definitely reduced at the second and the fourth seed harvest, in March 1974 and January 1975, as compared with the other 2 harvests which took place in November 1973 and September 1974. The averge of seed fertility also declined considerably at the second harvest. It is considered that such decreases were caused by the unfavorable climatic conditions, especially the small amount of rainfalls during the growing period. The performance on seed production at the first harvest was higher in Thailand than in Japan. The average of estimated annual seed yields was 563kg/ha. Such value is comparable to the yields obtained in the advanced countries where seed production techniques have been established. These results indicate that North-eastern Thailand will be one of the promising areas for seed production of Rhodesgrass.
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  • Masao HOSHINO, Shigeru ONO, Nittaya SIRIKIRATAYANOND
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 310-317
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    At Pakchong Forage Crop Station, Thailand, a total of fifty species or strains of tropical grasses and legumes was introduced and cultivated to study dry matter production and its seasonal change. The leading species, as far as yield was concerned, throughout the two years of the test period (1973-1974), was napiergrass. Its dry matter production from the high fertilizer plots in 1974 was 75.6tons/ha, which is now regarded as one of the highest yields recorded in tropical pastures. Other high yielding species or strains included hybrid napiergrass, Jaraguagrass, buffelgrass, Rhodesgrass and those grasses belonging to the Panicum species such as Guineagrass, colored Guineagrass, blue panicgrass and green panicgrass. Of the grasses of the decumbent type, signalgrass, paragrass and Alabang X achieved a high yield, the dry matter production of each of them exceeding 20 tons/ha in 1974. In contrast, all of the legumes tested attained only low production ; with only glycine giving yield exceeding 10 tons/ha. Although, in general, high-yielding varieties responded well to fertilizer application, such effect varied greatly depending on the species, and some of them responded to fertilizer application only slightly or almost not at all. Fertilizer application had the effect of increasing crude protein content both in grasses and legumes. Seasonal production patterns had two peaks, one around April and another around October, showing a close correlation with the rainfall distribution. If enough water is supplied, the tropical grasses and legumes tolerate satisfactorily frequent defoliations.
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  • Yoichi NADA, Nittaya SIRIKIRATAYANOND
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 318-324
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Yields and changes of botanical composition in several pure and mixed pastures in Thailand were investigated. The yield in these regions were comparatively low owing to a shortage of water and nutrients. Rhodesgrass seemed suitable for keeping a good ratio of legume, but allowed the invasion by weed. Glycine did not seem suitable for the mixture with grasses. Application of high levels of fertilizers decreased the ratio of glycine.
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  • Yoichi NADA, Nittaya SIRIKIRATAYANOND
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 325-330
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Method and time of establishment of the mixed pastures as well as combination between grass and legume were investigated in Thailand. The plots in which grass was transplanted after the growth of the seedlings of legume showed a better composition of grass and legume compared with the plot in which legume sowing and grass transplanting were performed at the same time. However these plots were invaded with weeds. Establishment undertaken late in the rainy season showed better results compared with early time establishment. Among the legume species, centrosema and Townsville stylo were more suitable for the establishment of pastures mixed with grasses than glycine.
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  • Toshio OKU, Akio TOKI, Juro KOYAMA, Takehiko FUJIMURA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 331-336
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Formerly, OKU and KOBAYASHI (1974) tried to explain the cause of the first generation outbreak of the Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata WALKER, on grasslands of northern Japan in 1972 by assuming a mass immigration of the moths in mid May, but further investigations revealed that the assumption includes some unreasonable points. In the present paper the moth trapping records are taken into consideration in addition to re-examination of weather data and distribution of the outbreak sites, and a conclusion is reached that the moth swarms may had invaded the outbreak area at night of 12th June with the passage of a duplicated cyclonic system. The immigrants are likely to be taken off from Kiangsu province of eastern China by one of the cyclones concerned, and brought into the air-currents caused by another cyclone of remote origin, when the former cyclone closely approached to the latter while degenerating.
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  • Yoshikuni MASAOKA, Isao TARUMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 337-344
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Influence of cellulase concentrations and incubation periods on IVDMD of sorghum fresh leaf determined by simple cellulase digestion method was studied. 1% cellulase concentration is considered to be better than the other concentrations (Fig.1 and 5) and 24 to 48 hours would be long enough incubation period (Fig.2, 3 and 4) for evaluating IVDMD of fresh leaf sampled at both fourth and flag leaf stages. Correlation coefficients between IVDMD by simple and two step cellulase digestion methods assured the reliability of IVDMD by the appropriate simple cellulase digestion method (Fig.5). Fig.4 showed that hydrolysis of fresh leaf in cellulase solution was separated into two phases which are noted by ABE et al. for dried and ground grass samples. In conclusion, hydrolytic response of fresh leaf in cellulase solution is similar to that of dried and ground sample, though the hydrolytic percentage and speed of fresh leaf were lower and slower compared to those of dried and ground samples. Digestion of sorghum fresh leaf in 1% cellulase solution for 24 or 48 hours is proposed as an appropriate simple cellulase digestion method.
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  • Juko SAHARA, Takahisa SAWADA, Misao HIDAKA, Isao TAKEDA, Akira ABE
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 345-352
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Chemical composition and nutritive value of grain sorghum silages, corn silages, sweet sorghum at various stages and Italian ryegrass at various stages were investigated to obtain the information of feed characteristics of summer forage crops. In this experiment, the contents and digestibilities of cell wall materials were investigated mainly. The percentages of lignin in ADF of sweet sorghum and its average value of five grain sorghum silages prepared at dough stage were 22.8 and 21.0%, respectively. The average value of lignin in ADF of four corn silages prepared at dough stage was 12.6%, and this was lower than those of sorghum group. In vitro digestibilities of isolated cell wall of two grain sorghum silages were lower than those of two corn silages and those of Italian ryegrass samples at various stages.
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  • Kenroku HAYASHI, Mamoru ODASHIMA, Takeshi IZAWA
    Article type: Article
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 353-357
    Published: January 31, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Grazing experiments were carried out on both native and tame pastures to compare the growing ability of the two cattle breeds (Japanese Black and Holstein). During each of two consecutive grazing seasons 12 steers (6 each of two breeds) of about 20 months old were grazed alone on each of both pastures and investigated as for live-weight gain. For steers grazed on native pasture the grazing behaviour was observed and the grazing intake was estimated by the method of chromic oxide and chromogen in spring and autumn of the second year. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Daily gains on native and tame pastures were respectively 0.30kg (first year), 0.4kg (second year) and 0.47kg, 0.51kg for Black steers, and 0.52kg, 0.56kg and 0.92kg, 0.70kg for Holstein steers. These figures show that daily gains of Holstein exceeded those of Black on both pastures and daily gains on tame pasture exceeded those on native pasture for both breeds. However the difference between gains on both pastures was much more for Holstein than for Black. Therefore it can be mentioned that Black steers utilized native pasture relatively better than Holstein steers. 2) Steers of two breeds on native pasture behaved usually in one group, but were apt to break up into two groups of each breed at two grazing peaks in morning and evening. In the case of grazing on the steep slope Black steers walked ahead of Holstein. 3) Estimated daily intake (D.M.) in spring was reasonable (7.4-7.5kg), but that in autumn was very little (4.4-4.8kg). This abnormally limited value in autumn was presumably caused by reason that chromogen in herbage was considerably changed or absorbed while passing through the gastrointestinal organs. From this point it seemed extremely questionable to use chromogen as indicator for the estimation of digestibility.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 359-
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 359-
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages App8-
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Index
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages xix-xx
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Index
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages xxi-xxiii
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Index
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages xxiv-xxv
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Index
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages xxvi-xxvii
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages App9-
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Cover
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages Cover15-
    Published: January 31, 1979
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  • Article type: Cover
    1979 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages Cover16-
    Published: January 31, 1979
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