Since the report of G. Papanicolaou, cytodiagnostics have been utilized for earier discovery of cancers in various medical fields. Particularly, in obstetrics, with the popularity of public health check by cytodiagnostics for earlier discovery of the cancer of uterine cervix, attention has been paid to the deep stainability of nucleus since it is most indicative of anomaly among all malignant findings related to cancer.
The authors, with the purpose of obtain an objective standard for judgement of cytodiagnosis, had studied the method of quantitative determination of stainability (transmission)of hematoxilin-positive substance in the cell nucleus, by utilizing microspectrophotometric method reported by Caspersson et al in 1936.
Scraping smear specimen was prepared by using th e cells from the cases aged 23 to 62 having normal cervics, inflammation, dysplasia, ca. in situ and invasive carcinoma which were discovered by histological diagnosis. The specimen was stained by Papanicolaou's method and the transmission of normal and abnormal squamous ephitheria (4785pieces) were comparatively studied by using Zeiss visible microspectrophotometer by visible light of a fixed wave length of 563 mμ since the separation width of cytoplasm and nucleus was largest and stable at this wave length. The study revealed that the transmission of various kinds of nucleus of normal cell was 0.27-0.85 for superficial cells (2187 pieces),0.28-0.83 for intermediate cells (492 pieces) and 0.170.79 for parabasal cells (1045 pieces). While it was 0.15-0.62 for dyslaryotic cells (495 pieces)O.03-0.75 for malignant cells (1066 pieces).
The study on the rate of appearance of various cell nuclei revealed that while sufficient separation was noticed between malignant cell nuclei and the nuclei of superficial, intermediate, parabasal and dyskaryotic cells, the separation between dyskaryotic nuclei and the nuclei of superficial, intermediate nuclei and the nuclei of superficial, intermediate and parabasal cells was not clear. When the rate of appearance was compared between various classes of cells according to Papanicolaou's classification, no cell nuclei indicating transmission of less than 0.20 was recognized for benign group (PC I, II) and no nuclei of less than 0.10 was noticed for boundary was noticed for boundary group (PC III). Whereas with malignant group (PC IV, V), the rate of appearanc of cell nuclei indicating less than 0.10 of transmission was 5.3-22.6 %. Based on these experimental data, the standard was established by which the unknown specimen indicating the minimum value (t) of transmission of more than 0.21 (0.20<t) was regarded benign group, those indicating 0.11 to 0.20 (0.10<t<0.20) were regarded boundary group and those indicating less than 0.10 (0.10>t) were regarded malignant group. Based on such standard, blind test was conducted on the sample of 24 cases. The result was righteous in 22 cases except one false negative and one false positive cases. It was thus confirmed that the transmission of the light of a fixed wave length through the cells is sufficiently useful as an important objective and quantitative standard for judgement, when it is co-used with nucleus diameter and N/C ratio.

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A new method for the quantitative determination of corticoids of plasma and adrenal cortex is described. It comprises essentially solvent partitioning extraction, Girard separation, and calculation of the experimentally-derived simultaneous equations.
Corticosterone and cortisol can be estimated simultaneously from a single sample. The minium concentration which is detectable was 0.1 μg per 100 ml in plasma, and 1.0 μg per gram of adrenal cortex respectively. The method is widely applicable for corticoid assay in biological materials and clinicals.

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Effects of a new synthetic anabolic steroid,2α,3α-epithio-5α-androstan-17β-ol (Epitiostanol), testosterone propionate and some other anabolic steroids on body weight, nitrogen balance and endogenous corticoid were studied in dogs and rats. Successive injection of the anabolic steroids caused an increase in body weight, which closely related to decrease in the urinary excretion of nitrogen and the plasma corticoid level.
Lowering of the plasma corticoid level caused by anabolic steroids was mainly due to decrease in corticosterone in rats and cortisol in dogs, respectively.
Adrenal corticoidogenesis from progesterone was not observed in rats when anabolic steroid was successively administered, but ACTH content in pituitary and activity of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in hypothalamus were reduced.
In the dogs treated with anabolic steroid, inner layer cells in the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex were cuboidal in shape and their cytoplasm appeared more eosinophilic. The zona fasciculata appeared narrower in the treated dogs than in the control dogs. Pituitary βcells were atrophic and decreased in number in the dogs treated with anabolic steroid. From those results it was suggested that an anabolic action of these steroids is secondary effect of lowering in the plasma corticoid level which was induced by direct action of anabolic steroids on the central nervous system.

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The author investigated labor accidents in small and medium factories which were located in West Yodogawa of Osaka City, mainly manufacturing metal tools and machines. Daiichi Hospital in this area made health service contracts with 122 of such factories. The present study was made by analysing the causes of labor accidents for which injured workers consulted the hospital, together with the investigation of their work conditions and occupational lives after being released from hospital.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The incidence rate of labor acci d ents was the higher, the smaller the factory scale;
2) The rate of suffering from labor accidents was the highest in teen-agers, and the lowest in those who were in twenties. As to workers older than 30 years, the rate increased with aging. Female workers of middle and high ages showed relatively high rates of accidents;
3) About one-th ird of the injured who needed treatments as in-patients were workers of small factories with less than 30 workers. Besides,43% of them were subcontract workers;
4) R elatively high rate of accidents was observed in such jobs as carrying heavy materials, loading and unloading;
5) The accidents mainly resu lted from the poor conditions of safety equipment, work environment, labor management and education. Additional factors were non-wearing of protective equipment and being unexperienced or unskilled;
6) Many dangerous and harmful jobs were dealt with by w orkers in small factories and by subcontract workers. They were obliged to work in poor safety environment, the labor management being unsatisfactory for these workers. Besides, no health examination was done for such employees in spite of the legal obligation provided by the Labor Standards Law; and
7) Most of the injured suffered from sequelae after leaving hospital and resigned their jobs. Consequently, they had to submit to lower living standards. Most of the injured were discontented with the level of accident compensation.
The incidence rate of the injured and dead involved in labor accidents was high in small factories, as compared with that in large ones. This was mainly attributed to their unstable and unsafe work conditions. Such factors as small funds, pressure from large firms due to the rationalization and the introduction of subcontract system obstructed the improvement of labor conditions.

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The author performed epidemiological studies on motor vehicle accidents which had occured in the area of Moriguchi City and Kadoma City, Osaka Prefecture, with the case report data of the police, from 1964 to 1968.1. Car to car accidents, especially followi n g clash accidents, increased remarkably on truck roads owing to the marked increase of motor vehicles which were caused by the extention and“improvement” of truck roads. Besides, pedestrian accidents increased also, especially on“City roads”(“daily life roads”for inhabitants), in which over the half of accidents were children injury ones 2. The larger the volume of vehicles, the more serious the severity of personal injuries.3. Following clash accidents occured much frequently owing to the increase of car speed, probably accelerated by the“improvement”of truck roads, as well as to the reducktion of the interval between car and car, mainly caused by traffic congestion.4. Pedestrian accidents were often caused by the rude driving due to th e lack of safety sense for inhabitants, particularly in“City road districts”, additionally owing to the obstrucles of driver's visual field.

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The author performed analytical case studies on the causes of pedestrian accidents in the area of Moriguchi City and Kadoma City from 1964 to 1968.
1. The majority of pedestrian accidents occured in“City roads”and children's victims increased.
2. As the result of analytical case study for the prevention of pedestrian accidents, it should be recommended that the division of pedestrian road and truck road and the improvement of traffic safety facilities are essential for the prevention of cross accidents in wider truck roads (“Enginiering”). Also, drivers should keep the rule of“the priority of pedestrian
”. Moreover, “Enforcement” and “Education” for safety driving, especially speed control, are essential for the prevention of pedestrian accidents, especially of children's victims, in “City roads” of residental districts.
3. The cases of speed-over were ver y often observed at pedestrian accidents in “State roads” and “Prefectural roads”. Besides, pedestrian ones, especially infant's victims, in “City roads”often occured even in the cases of lower car speed.
4. Infant's accidents in “City roads”were very often cau sed by the lack of the safety sense and the safety behavior of drivers.

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The author performed a comprehensive epidemiological study on all cases of personal injury accidents caused by motor vehicles in the area of Moriguchi City and Kadoma City during 1970, and their causal factors were reseached analytically on causers, victims and traffic environmental conditions, i. e. roads, vehicles, drivers, pedestrians and others, by the aid of computor.

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The author investigated the health and sanitary conditions of laborers, especially of subcontract workers, in small and medium factories mainly manufacturing metal tools and machines in West Yodogawa of Osaka City.
Follow up investigations were made in 2 0 factories for 6 years since 1968. The author made health service contracts with factories in the area, enabling him to perform this investigation. Health situations and their chronological changes were investigated for the period of April 1968 through November 1974.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) From 1968 to 1972, many workers did overtime works of more than 30-50 hours per month. Since 1974, a few factories had taken“two off-days a week system”, and working hours generally tended to decrease;
2) The turn-over rate of empleyees was h igh in these factories, especially among subcontract workers. Subcontract workers were daily renewed in a few factories;
3) Subcontract workers tended to be employed in dangerous or heavy work s which were disliked by regular workers, with cheap and piece-work payment;
4) Subcontract workers were engaged in such dangerous and harmful works as noisy and dusty jobs, grinding, welding, gilding and pressing as well as jobs demanding no skill;
5) The health care of subcontract workers was scarcely taken. For example, health examination was done only in half of such factories, and attention was practically unpaid to occupational hazards; and
6) In general, in the recent s ix years there were the shortening of working hours, the decrease of laborers including young workers in dangerous and harmful factories, the partial improvement of manufacturing processes and the prevention of pollution caused by dust and drainage. However, the number of subcontract workers was not decreased.
Small and medium factories in this district had many dangerous and harmful jobs and could not get enough labor force, especially of young workers. Subcontract workers tended to be engaged in such harmful jobs without due health care. These unfavorable working conditions and poorness in health care and sanitary conditions probably caused the high risk of their occupational lives.

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Ultrastructure on functional dynamics in MT cells of the hypophysis was observed on adult virgin diestrous rats within 48 hours after a single administration of Sulpiride, French minor tranquillizer,100mg/kg.
Observation 1: Thin sections of the Epon-embedded osmicated adenohypophysis were treated by Snordgress et al's method for the removal of Epon, and then stained with Herlant's method for MT cell. Ultrathin sections of Erythrosine-affine cells were observed mainly, and finally MT cells were identified by the ultrastructural pictures, especially secretory granules. Acute hypertrophy of MT cells with prominent dilatation of intracytoplasmic canalicular system could be seen 6-24 hours after the injection. In the stage, releasing picture of secretory granules in the cytoplasmic pockets increased moderately and mature secretory granules, distributed between Golgi area and outer cytoplasm, became less prominently. More granules of immature type could be detected in the Golgi area. Increase of junction element and smooth vesicles was not distinct, and Neben-Kern formation could not be found. The ultrastructures of MT cells returned to the control, resting state 48 hours after the single dosage. Active pictures of the lysosomal system could not be detected at the stage.

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Distribution of ribosomes in confluent cultures of WI-38 cells has been studied several hours after changing media. Puromycin-high salt buffer (HSB) -RNase method has shown that inactive ribosomes, free polyribosomes and membrane-bound polyribosomes were 20∼30%,∼30% and∼40% of the total ribosomes, respectively. By isopycnic sedimentation analyses of post nuclear supernatant (PNS), it was found that the ribosomes existing as free ribosomes plus subribosomal particles, free polyribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes were∼10%, ∼40% and∼50% of the total ribosomes, respectively.
Approximately∼40% of the membrane-bound ribosomes detecte d by the sucrose density gradient analyses were RNase sensitive and the existence in WI-38 cells of loose membranebound ribosomes has been suggested.

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The freeze-cleavea nd freeze-etcht echniques tarts with fixation of tissues by ultrarapid freezing, and freezing has been persued as an ideal method of fixation. However, difficulties to obtain ultra-rapid freezing without deforming ultrastructures in a living state are enormous, and cryoprotection is necessary to get rid of ice crystal formation. To avoid possible ultrastructural changes during cryoprotection prefixation by glutaraldehyde is prefered by many investigators.
The freeze-cleave and freeze-etch apparatus which has been used in our neurosurgical research laboratory is a modified simple freeze-cleave apparatus of Bullivant and Ames for freeze-etch preparations and is used in combination with an evaporator JEE-4C and thermocouple temperature monitor EE-FED made by Japan Electron Optic Laboratory Co., Ltd.. Technique of tissue preparation was described in this paper.

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In order to study the degree of periarticular inflammatory process down to the neighbouring tendon tissue, specimens comprising synovium, capsule and overlying superficial layer of tendon tissue are excised during surgery out of 10 knee joints of 9 classical RA patients. These specimens are fixed in 10% formalin, enbedded in paraffin and after having been sectioned, the techniques such as H. E., van Gieson, Maroly Azan and Alucian-blue stainings are performed for microscopic examination. The results are summarized as follows. The synovium in the suprapatellar pouch of the knee joint shows active inflammatory findings inclusive of edema, fibrin exudate, increased capillaries with or without angitis, swelling or transformed intimal lining cell, young fibroblast or histiocyte formation, multiplicity of synovial lining, diffuse or perivascular small round cell infiltration etc. These findings are found in 7 joints with no associated manifest evidence of fibrosis, whereas in the rest of 3 joints synovial inflammation is quiescent and more fibrotic and these fibrotic findings are regarded as a predominant feature in these 3specimens. Compared with the synovial tissue findings above the periarticular tendon tissue shows less inflammatory findings which, however, are mainly involved with intertendinous connective tissue and detected only in 3 out of 10 tendons. This type of tendon inflammation is, therefore, regarded by the author as interstitial tendinitis the incidence of which, however, is very rare, when compared with that of synovitis of the joint. The histological findings in these tendinitis are perivascular small round cell infiltration, fibrosis, histiocyte formation, increased cellularity and fibrilation of teodon structure itself. These findings are quite different from the histological findings of the rheumatoid tendinitis which, being much more inflammatory and even at times necrotic in nature, was reported by R. Ogawa in this journal, Vol.27,1975. From these findings, the author concludes that the encroachment of the synovial inflammation on the periarticular tendon tissue proves, in this study, to be minimal, contrary to the author's anticipation and it seems theoretically true that any tendons surrounding the affected joint can serve as useful materials for tendon transfer operations in a surgical attempt to keep the operated joint in a more or less corrected position right after the late stage synovectomy has been performed.

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