Mast cells obtained from human bone marrow have been studied by an electron microscope. The cells are usually round or oval and contain a nucleus possessed features typical of nuclei in most other cells. There are one or more nucleoli within the nucleus and the dense chromatin blocks usually attach to the inner nuclear membrane. The Golgi complex is frequently located at or around the indentation of the nucleus. Mitochondria, round on oval in profile, contain a few cristae. Microvilli are observed on the surface of the cell membrane. There are a number of specific granules in the cytoplasm of the cells, which are usually round in shape,0.5-0.7μ in diameter, and surrounded by a limiting membrane. Within the granules five kinds of structures have been observed; (1) homogeneous structure, (2) granular structure, (3) scroll structure, (4) lamellar crystalline structure, and (5)hexagonal crystalline structure. Sometimes a number of vacuoles are observed within the cytoplasm. Some of the specific granules are in close contact or in fusion with the vacuoles.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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The structure of the specific granules of human mast cells has been studied by electron microscopy in sections of bone marrow obtained by sternal aspiration, and the crystalline structure has been analysed by microdensitometry. The repeat of both the lamellar and the scroll structure has been approximately 120Å. The spacing between dense bands of a honeycomb pattern on hexagonal array was also about 120Å. It is suggested that the specific granules are composed of electron dense particles closely packed hexagonally. From these results the crystalline patterns of the specific granules could be interpreted as interference patterns of electron dense particles in a hexagonal closet packing. It is further suggested that the scroll structure is formed by the condensation of homogeneous content of the granules and the lamellar crystalline structure is probably formed by regular stucking of the lamellae.

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An electrophysiological study was made of the thresholds of arousal reaction and evoked muscular discharge following stimuli on the midbrain reticular formation in unanesthetized rabbits.
1. The threshold of arousal reaction developing on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus due to a 100 c/s stimulation on the midbrain reticular formation appeared at 0.2-0.8 volt, especially at 0.4 volt and 0.6 volt. Generally the threshold of arousal reaction in the cerebral cortex was similar to or slightly higher than that in the hippocampus.
2. Following a 100 c/s stimulation on the midbrain reticular fo rmation, arousal reaction appeared in EEG simultaneously with evoked muscular discharge from the fore and hind extremities. Generally the threshold of arousal reaction due to stimuli on the same site of the midbrain reticular formation was similar or slightly less than that of evoked muscular discharge.
3. A histological pursuance was made of relations between the site of stimulation and threshold in the midbrain reticular formation. As a result it was likely that sits of stimulation having comparatively high thresholds of arousal reaction and evoked muscular discharge were frequently found in the central area of the midbrain reticular formation while those having low thresholds were often found in the area above the center of the midbrain reticular formation.
4. The influence of various pharmaceutical agents on the thresholds of arousal reaction and evoked muscular discharge studied resulted in rather an easy access to the clarification of the agents' action on both sensory and motor systems.
5. In view of changes in arousal reaction depending upon the kind of agents administered it was found that changes in extent of the threshold in the cerebral cortex were in same cases proportional to and in other cases unproportional to those in the hippocampus and that the latter cases suggested a possible habit forming of agents administered.

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Induction of tumors with a single intravenous injection of 2.5mg of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) - 0.5 ml of emulsion - was investigated on the mice of C₃H, A/Jax, Strong A, C57Black, CBA, or AKR strain.
Any tumors were not found in the co ntrol, non - injected mice of these strains at the age of 9 - 11 months, in exception of few pulmonary tumor in the mice of A strain. The injection was performed at the age of 7 - 8 weeks. Seven - 9 months after the single injection, the following tumor incidences were obtained in the treated mice: Ovarian tumors were macroscopically found in 60 % of C₃H, and less 30 % of A/Jax, Strong A, and AKR mice. Pulmonary tumors were morphologically observed in all injected mice of A/Jax or Strong A strain, and in 75 % of AKR mice. Neither lymphoma, leukemia nor mammary tumor was detected in any mice examined.
Three fourth of the ovarian tum ors in C₃H mice showed histologically the arrangement of granulosa-cell tumor including undifferentiated and well-differentiated type. A half or two third of the ovarian tumors in the other strains were blood cysts with granulosa-cell proliferation. Induced lung tumors showed histologically papillary adenoma, similar to the later spontaneously developed pulmonary tumors in the mice of A strain.
In brief, ovarian tumor of granulosa-cell type was induced at the high incidence by DMBA only in C311 mice.

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Early morphological changes on the ovary of the mice of C₃H and A/Jax strains were observed in the course between 1 day and 3 months after the single injection of 7,12-DMBA, in order to investigate why C₃H mice are favorate to the ovarian tumorigenesis by 7,12-DMBA but A/Jax mice are resistant to it.
The weaker lipid-reaction was recognized on thec a interna and interstitial gland of the ovarian tissue in both strains several days after the administration. The degeneration and necrosis of oocytes and stronger activity of dehydrogenases in interstitial gland of the ovaries were also detected thereafter. Two weeks later, disappearance of oocytes, degeneration of some granulosa cells and cystic formation in ovarian follicles were revealed in both strains. In the injured ovaries, follicular structures were destroyed and almost all oocytes vanished within 1 month. Corpora lutea were degenerative. Interstitial tissue of the ovarian tissues was loose edematous and of different degree of luteinization. Finally, the damaged ovaries revealed a histioid structure 1 - 2 months after the injection of 7,12-DMBA. Such a histioid structure was not so different from each other in the both strai ns examined at the 2nd month. But, the damage in the interstitial gland was more severe in the mice of C₃H strain.
Nodules of small atypical cells, resemble to the granulosa cells, were detected only in the mice of C₃H strain 3 months after the treatment.

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On the mice of C₃H and A/Jax strains at the age of 6 - 7 weeks, the sensibility of the ovarian tissues to gonadotrophins was investigated 4 days after the single intravenous injection of emulsion of 7,12-DMBA (2.5 mg).
By means of Brown's bioassay method f or LH, the sensibility to LH was distinctly proved on the ovary of 80% of control mice of both strains. It was just recognized on the ovary of 30% of DMBA-treated mice of C₃H strain, and in 60 % of DMBA-treated mice of A/Jax strain.
According to Lloyd's bioassay method for FSH, the ovaries of DMBA-injected mice of both strains lost prominently the sensibility to FSH.
The above-mentioned functional damages in the o varian tissues induced with 7,12-DMBA just 4 days after the single injection and the strain-difference upon them indicated that the injury in specific interstitial cells of the ovary would be essential to the ovarian tumorigenesis by the carcinogen in mice.

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For the purpose of examining the carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy, the existence or otherwise of glucosuria was adjudged in Hema Combistix in 2891 cases of pregnant women, and, in 371 positive cases, of which glucose tolerance test (GTT) and cortison glucose tolerance test (CGTT) were performed.
As a result, it became apparent that most of them had a disorder of renal glucosuria, which was ascertained to conspicuously increase after six months of the pregnancy or in the middle part of the pregnancy, making its appearance in the majority of cases during the latter half of the pregnancy.
Also, at the time of initial period of glucosuria, it was found, it similarly increases conspicuously in the latter period of the pregnancy.
While it is known that those pregnan t women who have an onset of diabetes during pregnancy are highly prone to develop such obsterical complications as the delivery of gigantic babies, toxemia of pregnancy, still-birth, etc., the result obtained indicated that, in such pregnant women who developed obsterical complications, the percentage of such abnormalities was similarly high also in GTT and CGTT. Particularly high was the percentage of abnormalities of GTT and CGTT in the case of such women who had just delivered gigantic babies. It would accordingly seen necessary that these pregnant women be placed under a close observation over a substantial period of years.
Moreover, such pregnant women with obesity above +10.0%, carrying factores of diabetic heredity, were seen to indicate conspicuously high percentages of abnormalities also of GTT and CGTT. Also, in case of such pregnant women, whose serum insulin carried factors of diabetic heredity and with obesity above +10.0%, both GTT and CGTT were found to have exceedingly high percentages of abnormalities.
Those pregnant women, who were found to carry the factors of diabetic heredity also in serum insulin were seen to demonstrate a delayed type insulin reaction reminiscent of an initial diabete or a slight case of diabetes.
In the light of these results obtained, it has been made clear that, by examining the carbohydrate metabolism and obstetrical complications in pregnancy, an onset of diabetes may, in the future, be predicted at an early stage, and that, in this sense, such examinations are of great significance.

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GTT and CGTT were performed on the pregnant women with positive glucosuria, numbering 371 cases. They were classified into normal pregnant women, pregnant women with renal glucosuria, pregnant women with pseudo-diabetes and with diabetes, respectively, and each of these pregnant women was examined, in accordance with the months of pregnancy, in regard to ¹³¹I-triodothyronine resin sponge uptake (RSU), estrogen values in the urine,17KS values in the urine,170H-CS values in the urine and serum insulin. Then, the serum insulin reaction at various stages of pregnancy and the effects exerted by the internal secretional factors were observed.
As a result, the following was known:
The RSU values in normal pregnant wo men decrease in proportion to the increase of the months of pregnancy;
These values in the preg nant women with a renal glucosuria, as compared with normal pregnant women and pseudodiabetic and diabetic pregnant women, would decrease conspicuously from the middle part of the pregnancy.
While the estrogen values in the urin e increase in proportion to the number of the months of pregnancy, such an increase becomes especially noticeable in the middle part indicated in the diabetic pregnant women as compared with normal pregnant women, these values in the pseudo-diabetic and diabetic pregnant women, on the contrary, would somewhat decrease.
In regard to 17KS values in the urine and 17OH CS values in the urine, the values were seen to increase from the latter part of pregnancy. In respect to the 17OH-CS values in the urine, no marked difference was noticed between the pseudo-diabetic and diabetic pregnant women, on the one hand, and normal pregnant women, on the other, while the pregnant women of renal glucosuria, as compared with the former, indicated somewhat higher values.
In contrast to th is, the 17 KS values in the urine were seen to markedly increase in the middle part of pregnancy in the case of the pregnant women with a renal glucosuria, pregnant women with a pseudo-diabetes and diabetes, f. as compared with that of normal pregnant women.
Then, the serum insulin was examined in each of these pregnant women, with the following result.
In the case of the normal pregnant women, the serum insulin reaction was understood to present a somewhat delayed type after the middle part of pregnancy, especially in the latter part of pregnancy.
Compared with this, the serum insulin secretion in the pregnant women with a renal glucosuria, as compared with that of the normal pregnant women, appeared to be rather stimulated, indicating an almost identical serum insulin reaction with healthy women. In the case of the pregnant women with a pseudo-diabetes and diabetes, the serum insulin reaction indicated in the early part of pregnancy was rather of delayed type, but in the middle part, and, especially, in the latter part, of pregnancy, the insulin secretion was seen to be greatly delayed, thereby indicating an insulin reaction resembling the type of a serious case of diabetes.
From the results m entioned above, it was firmly believed that the balance among the variously opposing internal secretional actions and the varying extent of disturbance in the insulin secretion, combined together, would constitute one of the causes of metabolical fluctuations.

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An electrophysiological study was made with unanethetized rabbits of the effects of activated vitamin B₁ on the uterine movement and on the mechanism of analgetic effect in delivery.
1. The brain stem reticular formation was electrically stimulated at a rate of 100 c/s. Following the stimulation, the development of arousal reaction in EEG was accompanied with an accelerated uterine movement. Such acceleration seemed to be attributable to an accelerating action for the uterine movement given by mental activities due to an excitation of the ascending reticular activating system which is closely related with consciousness.
2. Contrary to the case with 100 c/s, electric stimulation at a rate of 3 c/s resulted in inhibition of uterine movement. Such inhibition seemed to be attributable to an added inhibitory action of uterine movement following a stimulation given to the inhibitory system due to different frequencies of stimuli on the brain stem reticular formation.
3. Administration of activated vitamin B₁ at a dosage of 0.2 - 2 mg/kg resulted in inhibition of arousal reaction which had developed in response to stimulation on the brain stem reticular formation. Uterine movement, however, revealed no acceleration whether or not stimuli were given to the brain stem reticular formation, following administration of the same dosage of activated vitamin B₁.
Arousal reaction results from the activi ties of the brain stem reticular formation and hippocampus. The development of consciousness is related with the brain stem reticular formation and that of pain with the hippocampus. It is concluded that the above results indicate that the analgesic mechanism of activated vitamin B₁ exists in the agent's inhibitory action of arousal reaction and that the agent at a dosage of 0.2 -2 mg/kg directly acts on the uterus to shorten a delivery time.

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Optomotor nystagmus is the prototype of nystagmus, and what is called "optomotor nystagms" is the out of mind eye-movement that some moving objects are cast on the retina as a static image. This eye-movement is influenced in the presence of labyrinth. This "influence" itself is the true vestibulo-oculo-motor reflex, that is, labyrinthine reflex which appears in the eye-movement. It is possible to observe nystagmus by caloric test and rotatoric test, but the nystagmus so observed is not "catching the moving in a static form". The examinee becomes uanble to catch even a static body in a normal form. In other words, these methods which have been of significance as the test method of vestibular function are simply to observe the nystagmus of labyrinthine origin, i. e., labyrinthine nystagmus, but never to reveal the true labyrinthine reflex. The concentric dual revolving apparatus is an epoch-making, unique apparatus originated by the authors, by which it is possible to quantitatively determine labyrinthine reflex, with the effect of labyrinth stimulation by revolving angular accelerated velocity on the above-mentioned optomotor nystagmus as the indicator.
The authors will present the following contents; (1). The concentric dual revolving apparatus and its behavior (2). Methodological features of the apparatus related to the study of vestibular function(3). New findings about nystagmus in the normal adults and in the trained subjects (4). Method of analysis---On the vestibular index (named by the authors) (5). Consideration on the physiology of the nystagmus.

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Few reports were made with little information about the airborne fungal flora in Japan. From February 1962 through January 1963, Asada, a colleague in our department, made an investigation of the airborne fungal flora in Japan using an open plate method. Presently, a quantitative study was performed on the airborne fungi in Kobe-city by an aspiration method using cascade impactor.
Part I dealt with discussions on the methods with various instrument, i. e., a tape air sampler, high volume air sampler, impinger, and cascade impactor for collecting the airborne fungi. A comparison was also done between the open plate method and the aspiration method using a cascade impactor as to the number and kind of fungal colonies.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Among the four instruments stu d ied, a cascade impactor seemed to be the best because it was easy to carry, easy to sterilize, and easy to manipulate asepticall y. It was also advantageous in catching particles in air in situ and in toto. (The number of colonies per cubic meter was highest and the min i m a l diameter of particles caught was smallest).
2. When compared with the open plate method, the aspiration method using cascade impactor proved to be very favorable in collecting airborne fungi more accu r a t ely and quantitatively.

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A case of idiopathic periodic paralysis was studied by using various clinical and laboratory examinations, and the, conclusion of our studies are as follows:
(1) Leucocyte count increased during the spontaneous attack, however it showed normal value when the attack was abated.
(2) Cerebrospinal pressure was elevated during the attack was going on and it returned to normal thereafter.
(3) Seru m potassium did not show any remarkable entrance into the erythrocyte when the attack was provoked by the glucose infusion containing insulin.
(4) ECG showed typical hypokalemic pattern during th e provoked paralysis, that is prolongation of P-R interval, depression of the RS-T segment and the appearance of U wave and so on.
(5) EMG showed normal pattern before the provocation, but it showed diminution of frequency of NMU, low amplitude NMU voltage and polyphasic pattern at the onset of the provocation and then it finally showed electrical silence even by the voluntary contraction and then the patient became fainted. But five hours after the provocation his EMG began to show low amplitude NMU voltage by administration of Solita T₃ and KCL tablets.
24 hours later, his EMG showed recovery of the amplitude of NMU, the interference wave by the strong contraction, and polyphasic pattern became obvious and his fatigability was restored almost completely.48 hours later EMG showed nearly normal pattern.

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