The relationship between oxygen content and oxygen partial pressure in blood was discussed with reference to the dissociation curve of hemoglobin. The importance of the establishment of membrane covered O₂-electrode (Clark electrode) in the field of respiratory physiology was emphasized. Intrapulmonary shunting was discussed in relation to Pao₂ and AaDo₂. At the same time, alveolar oxygen tension was discussed theoretically in each state of inhaling various concentration of oxygen in the inspiratory gases. The important role of oxygen content of mixed venous blood on analyses of Q_s/Q_r was interpreted. The effects of cardiac output on AaDo₂ and Pao₂ at each level of Q_s/Q_r were discussed and graphic representation was shown.
Relationship between arterial oxygen tension and age during postoperative course in the patients operated upper abdominal surgery was analyzed. The regression line and the formula were presented. At she same time, statistical analyses were studied and its significance on medical practice was discussed.

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Ultrastructures of transplantable L1210 leukemic cells (ascites form) were investigated. Cells grown intraperitoneally in BDF₁mice were used. Cells obtained by centrifugation of ascites were fixed in aldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide, and processed for ultrastructural observation. Occasionally an in situ, phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining was performed.
L1210 cells (8∼23.5μin diameter), round to oval, possess centrally located, chromatinrich nucleus having quite compact nucleolus. Glycocalyx is not well developed. In the cytoplasm lipid inclusions, often in close contact with mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, are frequently observed. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is scanty, however, free ribosomes are rich. Mitochondria, often irregularly-shaped, show clear matrix and few cristae. In some areas the presence of intramatricial DNA-fibril (nucleoid) and ribosome-like particles is evident. The Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, coated vesicles, filaments, microtubules, and tubules can also be observed. Virus particles, strongly positive for PTA, are observed in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, the perinuclear space, the cytoplasmic matrix and the extracellular space.

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Ultrastructures of mouse L1210 leukemic cells (ascites form) treated with daunomycin were investigated. Cells grown intraperitoneally in BDF₁ mice were used. Ten minutes to 6 hours following the intraperitoneal injection of daunomycin (8mg/kg. b. w. ), cells were obtained by centrifugation of ascites, fixed in aldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide, and processed for ultrastructural observation. Following treatment with daunomycin, nucleoli initially lost their network, i. e. nucleolonema. Then, findings such as clumping of interchromatinic particles, nucleolar segregation, and nucleolar condensation manifested themselves. Some ultrastructural changes were observed in the cytoplasm also, such as dissociation of polysome pattern, increased number of activated lysosomes and vacuolization or disappearance of cristae in mitochondria. In some cases aggregated granules resembling interchromatinic particles were observed in the cytoplasm, which seemed to have been extruded from the nucleus.

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Electron-microscopical studies were made on the effects of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) upon mouse L1210 leukemic cells.
On the 5th day after an intraperitoneal innoculation of 10⁵viable cells suspended in saline, either a single injection of 160 to 320mg ara-C/kg. b. w. or 6 successive injections of 15mg ara-C/kg. b. w. each at 2 hours intervals were made intraperitoneally. Control mice received saline only. Ten minutes to 24 hours following the last injection of ara-C, cells were collected from ascites, fixed in aldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide and processed for ultrastructural observation. For the light microscopic observation, a drop of ascites was smeared on clean glass slides and stained by the routine Giemsa method.
The mitotic index of the leukemic cells, which was originally 3.3%, was markedly suppressed by an ara-C injection going down to 0 %, followed by a gradual recovery to 1.2 to 1.4%,24 to 48 hours following the last injection, while the cell size was not significantly changed.
In the case of a single injection of ara-C, no appreciable alterations were noted in the fine structures of the cells till 3 hours following injection, although thereafter karyorrhectic and karyolytic changes were observed, which seemed to be non-specific cell degeneration processes caused by a single large dose of ara-C.
In concomitance with the destruction of the cells a number of macrophages appeared. However, characteristic changes in the nuclear structures of the L1210 cells were observed immediately following 6 successive injections of ara-C. These changes included a lowering of electron density of the nuclear matrix and the disappearance of condensed chromatins, especially those lying close to the nuclear envelope. No changes were observed in the nucleolonema of the nucleolus.
These findings seemed to coincide fairly well with the current biochemical knowledge that ara-C primarily inhibits DNA synthesis.

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The effects of the semisynthetic diets containing a refined coconut oil upon the growth of DMBA-induced mammary cancers were investigated in 87 young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Eighty young female rats were maintained on a commercial pellets, CMF type of Oriental Yeast Company, and injected to a caudal vein with 3 mg of DMBA at the age of 55 and 58 days. In the ages of 85 to 145 days for promotion stage of the tumor growth, the experimental animals were distributed to 4 groups (Table 2) and fed on 4 different semisynthetic diets, respectively. The diets (Table 1) were isocaloric (395 Ca1/100g), although they Contained a refined oil (coconut oil or corn oil) at either 8(ordinary) or 20 (high) percentage. The rats were observed in 3 months after the first injection of the carcinogen. The time of appearance of the first palpable mammary cancer was dated from the first injection of DMBA (Incubation Time). All rats were sacrificed at the age of 145 days. Mammary cancers in a rat were counted in the gross at necropsy (Active Center). Total mammary cancers per an animal were weighed on a balance (Tumor Weight). All detectable mammary tumors were observed histologically, and the above-mentiond mammary cancers were verified by the histological examinations.

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Articular index or in another words joint index first introduced 1956 by J. Lansbury is obviously an indicator rapidly able to show the spread of joint inflammation throughout the body in the patient of R. A.. It also is one of the 3 main components of what we call “Rheumatoid Activity Index”for evaluating general rheumatic condition. This index was obtained by the anatomical measurement of the area of bone ends-(cartilage surface area)- which together form the individual joint;a value 24 is given to the knee,24 to the hip,8 to the ankle,12 to the shoulder,12 to the elbow,4 to the wrist. By using this index it is possible to rapidly calculate the percentage of total possible joint involvement in a given case of rheumatoid arthritis. From the view point of joint pathology, however, it seems more scientific to determine this type of joint index by measuring the total surface area of intra-articular synovial tissue than by measuring the opposing articular surface areas, because rheumatoid joint inflammation is entirely synovial. For this reason, the author, using human cadavers, developed a new joint index by measuring the entire surface area of the synovial membrane of major joints such as hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow and wrist, and the following values were obtained: 159.18cm² for the knee,59.48cm² for the hip,25.89cm²for the ankle,50.05cm² for the shoulder,39.86cm² for the elbow,9.86cm² for the wrist. If the synovial surface of the knee joint is supposed to have just the same index value of 24, as the joint index of Lansbury in the knee joint it is selfevident from the above findings that an index value 9 is to be given for the hip,4 for the ankle,8 for the shoulder,6 for the elbow,1 for the wrist joint. In the 2nd part of his article the author using the same human cadavers as a specimen measured the area of synovial tissue which is surgically removed in his clinic from the knee, the ankle, the elbow and the wrist joint. These areas are proved 66% from the knee,73% from the ankle,80% from the elbow and 60% from the wrist. From these findings it is concluded that postoperative results following synovectomy could not be successful unless more than two thirds of the entire synovial tissue is removed from a given joint of the patient of R. A..

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A study was made of effects of antiepileptics, antiparkinsonian drugs and CDP-choline in reference to evoked muscular discharge in rabbits' fore and hind limbs,
which developed following stimulation of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
1. Diphenylhydantoin, an antiepileptic drug, inhibited muscular discharge due to stimulation of either the cerebral cortex or hippocampus.
2. Biperiden and artane which are antiparkinsonian drugs, inhibited muscular discharge due to stimulation of the hippocampus more markedly than that due to the cerebral cortex.
3. CDP-choline facilitated muscular discharge due to stimulation of the cerebral cortex and inhibited that due to the hippocampus.
The present results revealed that antiepileptics inhbiited both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts, antiparkinsonian drugs inhibited the extrapyramidal tract more markedly than the pyramidal tract, and CDP-choline facilitated the pyramidal tract while inhibiting the extrapyramidal tract.

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