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Volume 40 (2015)
- Issue 6 Pages 312-
- Issue 5 Pages 230-
- Issue 4 Pages 168-
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Volume 40, Issue 5
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Special Topic : Plenary Lecture in 37 Annual Meeting
Review Article
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Tetsurou Handa2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 230-234
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSA: Thermodynamic stability of disk–HDL was evaluated to be more stable than the starting mixture of free apoA–I and phosphatidylcholine (PC) large unilamellar vesicle (LUV). However, the rate of disk formation was very slow, suggesting the large kinetic barrier. Addition of sphingomyelin led to rapid microsolubilization of LUV and formation of the disk. Conformational change of apoA–I in acidic condition also resulted in progressive transformation of PC LUV to the disk. These findings raise the possibility that ABCA1 may act to lower the kinetic barrier and facilitate the disk–HDL generation. B: Cholesterol (Chol)–rich lipid emulsion (triolein–PC/Chol emulsion) was prepared as a model for chylomicron remnant. Internalization of the emulsion particles into macrophages induced leakage of lysosomal protease, cathepsin–L, to cytosol and cell death. This observation implied that Chol of chylomicron remnant plays a role in accelerating atherosclerosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (966K)
Special Topic : Symposium on biomembranes: Extracellular vesicles: Recent advances in exosome research
Review Article
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Nao Nishida, Takahiro Ochiya2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 235-241
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSExosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles, which are secreted outside of the cells. Exosomes have a size of 40～200 nm in diameters. Exosomes contain miRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and DNAs, and transfer their contents to other cells. Exosomes are expected to be useful and effective cancer biomarker, because exosomes are detected in body fluids, and because molecules contained in exosomes reflect the components of originated cells. In addition, exosomes may be able to apply to novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we explain the basic characteristics of exosomes and recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics using exosomes.View full abstractDownload PDF (803K) -
Kiyotaka Shiba2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 242-247
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSCells are communicating each other by exchanging their nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids etc, many of them are carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes and microvesicles. Thus, exosomes are rich sources of information regarding the host cells that released them. In this review, I introduce a brief history of exosome researches and discuss about what are needed at the moment to establish the “exosome medicine”.View full abstractDownload PDF (1157K) -
Masaki Ｍｏｒｉｓｈｉｔａ, Yuki Takahashi, Makiya Nishikawa, Yoshinobu Takakura2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 248-253
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSExosomes are nanosized lipid membrane vesicles secreted from most, if not all types of cells. Since exosomes transfer their cargoes including proteins and nucleic acids to the cells that take up exosomes, exosomes play key roles in various biological events such as immune response and tumor metastasis. Therefore, it is expected that exosomes can be used as drug delivery system (DDS) for proteins, nucleic acids, and other bioactive compounds. In this review, we first overview the role of exosomes in biological events. Then, we introduce our study on the in vivo fate of exogenously administered exosomes. Finally, we describe the effect of exosome isolation methods on the characteristics of exosomes.View full abstractDownload PDF (770K) -
Shinichi Sawada, Asako Shimoda, Yuko Sato, Naohiro Seo, Hiroshi Shiku, ...2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 254-259
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSExtracellular Vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes are nanovesicles secreated by various types of cells. There is considerable interest in the use of exosomes as potential drug delivery system (DDS). We propose new strategies for applications of exosomes to DDS by modification of the surface of exosomes with functional polymers such as nanogels or by hybrid with liposomes. Functional nanogel/exosome and liposome/exosome hybrids offer a new option of wide utilization of exosomes in nanomedicine. Exosome delivery of CagA as major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori and functions of cytotoxic T cell–derived in cancer are also discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (779K)
Special Topic: Frontiers of Membrane Structure Analysis
Review Article
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Shuhei Furukawa2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 260-265
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSFunctional cellular substrates for localized cell stimulation by small molecules provide an opportunity to control and monitor cell–signaling networks chemically in time and space. However, despite improvements in the controlled delivery of bioactive compounds, the precise localization of gaseous biomolecules at the single–cell level remains challenging. Here we target nitric oxide (NO), a crucial signaling molecule with site–specific and concentrationdependent activities, and we report a synthetic strategy for developing spatiotemporally controllable NO–releasing platforms based on photoactive porous coordination polymers (PCPs). By organizing molecules with poor reactivity into PCP structures we observe increased photoreactivity and adjustable release via light irradiation. We embed photoactive PCP crystals in a biocompatible polymer matrix and achieve precisely controlled NO delivery at the cellular level via localized two-photon laser activation. The biological relevance of the exogenous NO produced by the PCPs is evidenced by intracellular change in calcium concentration, mediated by NO–responsive plasma–membrane channel proteins.View full abstractDownload PDF (921K) -
Hiroaki Miyazaki, ken-ichi Nakajima, Yoshinori Marunaka2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 266-271
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSChloride ion (Cl–) is one of fundamental anions in our body. Recent studies have revealed that Cl– influences various cellular functions such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, and adhesion/migration of cells. Here we focused on the effect of intracellular Cl– on neurite outgrowth. During differentiation, neuronal cells undergo dramatic shape changes. Typically, neuronal cells extend long membranous processes, named neurites. We have confirmed that, in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, NGF–induced neurite outgrowth requires uptake of Cl– into the intracellular space via Na+–K+–2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). In addition, NGF–induced neurite outgrowth was enhanced by inhibition of K+–Cl– cotransporter 1 (KCC1), which was another type of Cl– cotransporter mediating excretion of K+ and Cl– from intracellular space. In growing neurite of neuronal cells, it is suggested thatα/β–tubulin heterodimers assemble to form microtubule, and assembly of microtubule promotes neurite elongation. We also demonstrated that Cl– affected intrinsic GTPase activity of tubulin and the action of Cl– on intrinsic GTPase activity of tubulin would be one of important factors regulating tubulin polymerization (formation of microtubule). These observations show that novel regulatory mechanisms forming microtubule by intracellular Cl– and that intracellular Cl– would be an important factor regulating the neurite outgrowth.View full abstractDownload PDF (777K) -
The Ca2+ –regulated Exocytosis Enhanced by Arachidonic Acid/PPARα in Guinea– pig Antral Mucous CellsSaori Tanaka, Takashi Nakahari2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 272-277
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIn antral mucous cells, Ca2+–regulated exocytosis activated by acetylcholine (ACh) consists of a transient peak (initial phase) followed by a second slower decline (late phase). GW7647 (a PPARα agonist) enhanced the initial phase. GW6471 (a PPARα antagonist) abolished the GW7647–induced-enhancement of initial phase, but it produced the delayed transient increase in the late phase. Moreover, it also decreased the initial phase and produced the transient increase during stimulation with ACh alone. A similar transient increase in the late phase was evoked by PKG inhibitor (Rp8BrPETcGMPS), and was induced by cAMP accumulation via inhibition of cGMP–dependent PDE2. The effects of GW7647 were mimicked by arachidonic acid (a natural ligand of PPARα). Rp8BrPETcGMPS or a NOS1 inhibitor also abolished the GW7647–induced–enhancement of initial phase, but produced the transient increase in the late phase. ACh and GW7647 stimulated NO production and cGMP accumulation in antral mucosae. NOS1 and PPARα co–localized in antral mucous cells. In conclusion, during ACh stimulation, AA stimulates PPARα followed by NO accumulation via NOS1 leading to cGMP accumulation, which increases the Ca2+–regulated exocytosis in antral mucous cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (711K) -
Teppei Yamada2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 278-283
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSProton conduction property of porous coordination polymers (PCPs) or metal–organic frameworks was investigated as proton conductive membrane for fuel cells. MIL–53(M)–R is a group of PCP consisting of trivalent metal ion and substituted terephthalate ligands that is widely known to have a robust framework. We investigated intensely the proton conductivity of MIL–53(M)–R. The amounts and the arrangements of water inside MIL–53(M)–R was precisely controlled with changing functional groups at various humidity condition, and we discussed the relationship between hydrogen bond networks, proton carrier and the proton conductivity. The mixed–ligand PCP was also evaluated and proton conductivity was found to be affected critically by water alignment. Drawbacks of proton conducting PCP membrane and recent progress for conquering these drawbacks is also discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (780K)
Special Topic : Membrane Award for Young Scientists (2015)
Review Article
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Tomoharu Yokooji2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 284-290
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSFood–dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a peculiar form of food allergy, which is induced by physical exercise following the ingestion of causative food products. Patients with FDEIA typically exhibit generalized urticaria, dyspnea and anaphylaxis induced by the type–I allergic reaction. In addition to exercise, intake of nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs, especially aspirin, is another well–documented trigger for FDEIA symptoms. The pathogenesis of aspirin–exacerbated FDEIA symptoms remains unclear. However, increases in the absorption of allergens via the intestinal tract and/or activation of inflammatory cells by aspirin are considered to be the underlying mechanisms for it. Recently, we found that food allergens including lysozyme and ovalbumin were absorbed via paracellular and transcytotic pathways, and aspirin facilitated the intestinal absorptions of these allergens via the paracellular pathway, resulting in the development and exacerbation of food–allergic symptoms. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of aspirin–induced FDEIA symptoms from the viewpoint of intestinal absorption pathway(s) of food allergens and the effect of aspirin on their absorptions.View full abstractDownload PDF (758K) -
Akiyuki Taruno2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 291-295
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSEpithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays pivotal roles in maintaining body fluid content and blood pressure via mediating transepithelial Na+ transport in the distal nephron of the kidney. The total Na+ transport activity of the distal nephron epithelium depends on the number of ENaCs located on the apical membrane, which is determined by the recycling rates of insersion and endocytosis. My colleagues and I established a novel method to estimate the total number of recycled ENaCs and the ENaC recycling rates by using a specific and irreversible inhibitor of ENaC for functional labelling of the channels in recycling. Using this method, we discovered a novel negative feedback regulation of ENaC recycling by the total number of recycled channels. On the other study, we identified calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) channel as a novel ATP permeable, voltage–gated ion channel by observing ATP release from CALHM1–expressing cells into the extracellular milieu in response to maneuvers that can activate CALHM1 channels. Furthermore, we found that CALHM1 is essentially required for reception of sweet, bitter and umami tastes by mediating the purinergic neurotransmission of tastes from taste bud cells to the gustatory nerve terminals.View full abstractDownload PDF (688K)
Original Contribution
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Ryoko Yumoto, Yu Hirabayashi, Hiroaki Imaoka, Saki Toyota, Mikihisa Ta ...2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 296-303
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are certain transporters that function effectively even at ice–cold temperatures, such as facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 in human erythrocyte membranes. In order to evaluate the characteristics of these transporters precisely, inhibition of substrate efflux during stopping and washing processes is essential. In this study, we attempted to develop a novel stop solution that can be used universally for membrane transport studies. As candidate compounds for preparing a novel stop solution, protein denaturants such as urea, 2–mercaptoethanol, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde were used. D–Glucose and uridine were used as substrates for GLUT1 and ENT1, respectively. [3H]D–Glucose taken up by rightside–out erythrocyte membrane vesicles (ROVs) was almost completely effluxed during washing with ice–cold stop solution without phloretin. Protein denaturants inhibited the efflux of these substrates, and increased the remaining amount of substrates in ROVs. Especially, the combination of urea/formaldehyde or 2–mercaptoethanol/glutaraldehyde was effective as a stop solution for both GLUT1– and ENT1–mediated efflux. In addition, these stop solutions were applicable for the transport study in cultured HepG2 cells. Our results indicate that these novel stop solutions can be used universally for membrane transport studies with isolated membrane vesicles and culture cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (724K)
Products Spotlight
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Daiki Kono, Tsutomu Sugiura, Toshiaki Hayashi2015 Volume 40 Issue 5 Pages 304-308
Published: 2015
Released on J-STAGE: October 04, 2016
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSTOYOBO has developed activated carbon fiber named “K–filter®”, which is used in VOC recovery apparatus or VOC concentration apparatus. Recently, we have succeeded in the application to the liquid phase. In this article, we explain the adsorption characteristics of the K–filter® in the liquid phase, and its application to VOC contaminated water treatment. The K–filter® has high adsorption rate in the liquid phase, as well as high removing rate of its surface water. Utilizing its characteristics, we have recently succeeded in the development of the VOC contaminated water treatment apparatus, which is called “KW apparatus”. The KW apparatus has the repetition process which consists of adsorption and desorption, and also has water purge process from the surface of K–filter® to increase desorption efficiency of VOC. It has been demonstrated that the KW apparatus can remove VOC effectively from various kinds of VOC contaminated water.View full abstractDownload PDF (906K)
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