本研究では,キャリア文の中で発話された二音節の促音・非促音語において,先行・後続母音長(V1とV2)が発話速度によってどのような影響を受けるかを調べ,先行・後続母音長に対する子音閉鎖時間の比(C/V1とC/V2)を比較した。音響分析の結果,母音長は促音に先行する方が非促音に先行する場合より長く,後続母音はその逆であるが,その差は発話速度による影響で必ずしも安定していないことがわかった。また,生成面では,C/V1比よりCN2比の方が正確に促音の有無を弁別するという結果となった。本生成実験結果が,日本語の促音生成・知覚メカニズム解明にどのような点て貢献するかに論及する。

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This study examines how several acoustic cues affect Japanese speakers' perception of geminates in three English-like nonwords, /tεk/, /tεkt/, and /tεkin/, produced by two native English speakers. A perception test showed a significant difference among the test words, /tek/ being perceived most often as a geminate, and /tekt/ least often. Of the variables examined-duration of /k/, ratio of /k/ to preceding vowel duration (C/V), ratio of /k/ to word duration (C/W), and word duration, our results correlated most highly with word duration. A second perception test varying word duration also showed a significant effect of word duration in all cases but one, a token of/tek/ which had durational properties (C/V and C/W) similar to the Japanese geminate consonant. We thus conclude that word duration is the strongest cue for the perception of gemination in English-like sound strings by Japanese speakers.

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In this paper, I review previous studies on the acquisition of geminate consonants by Japanese language learners. The cross-linguistic observations reveal that the characteristics seen in the process of acquisition of Japanese geminate consonants cannot be explained neither by the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis nor Markedness Differential Hypothesis. Finally, I claim that understanding the rhythmic organization of learners' first language and their pronunciation of Japanese as a second language, is essential to capture the reality of the acquisition of Japanese geminate consonants. The paper also discusses the methodological issues concerning durational measurements to investigate rhythmic organization of languages for future study.

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The aim of this paper is to account for the phonological characteristics and prosodic function of a word-final moraic obstruent, namely the obstruent suffix /-Q/, in Japanese mimetics. Though phonological structure containing a word-final moraic obstruent is banned in the general vocabulary of Japanese, mimetics allow a moraic obstruent to appear in word-final position. More than 90% of disyllabic mimetic stems can take /-Q/ as a word-final element. This extraordinary frequency shows that word-final /-Q/ behaves as an unmarked default, which repairs ill-formed structures to satisfy certain prosodic requirements in mimetic phonology. /-Q/ plays a key role in constructing head-final prosodic structure, in which an accented trochaic foot appears in word-final position. The optimality-theoretic account in this paper shows that the head-final pattern is widely observed in and strongly required for well-formed prosody in Japanese mimetics.

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The present study investigates why Korean learners of Japanese produce the Japanese voiceless stops in intervocalic position as geminates. The results of the present study demonstrate that the Korean learners matched the Japanese voiceless consonants in intervocalic position as Korean tense consonants, for which they resyllabified the preceding syllable as closed, and shortened the vowel in that syllable. This rendered the closure duration of the consonant in the following syllable enlarge up to that of the geminate. The results of the present study clearly show that the Korean learners' production of the Japanese voiceless consonants as geminates is a direct consequence of the presence of the tense consonants and an epenthetic 's' in Korean phonology, indicating that the L2 sound acquisition is greatly influenced by the first language (L1) phonological system.

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This study investigated acoustic cues distinguishing between Japanese single and geminate voiceless consonants /p, t, s/ across different speech rates. Results for the two ratios, a consonant to a preceding vowel (C/V1) and a consonant to a preceding mora (C/M1), show that distributions for a singleton and a geminate are clearly distinct in the latter case only. Also, duration ratio of a consonant to its following vowel (C/V2) is found to play an important role in the distinction, results showing no overlapping between a singleton and a geminate.

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本研究では英語およびタイ語の母語話者によるおのおのの言語の語末に起こる無声閉鎖音対立(/p/-/t/,/p/-/k/,/t/-/k/)の識別を調査した先行研究(塚田2006)を延長し,新たに日本語母語話者を加え,各グループの識別能力について報告する。語末閉鎖音は被験者の母語に応じて音声的に著しく異なった現れ方をする。日本語では,語末に閉鎖子音は起こらないが,日本人被験者は英語(タイ語においては別)の閉鎖子音対立を正確に識別することができた。これは,成人になってからでも,母語にない外国語の音声対立の学習が可能であることを示すものである。英語話者は母語で解放のない語末閉鎖子音が起こるにもかかわらず,タイ語の刺激音識別の際,タイ語話者の識別能力に及ばなかった。しかし,日本人グループよりはタイ語の識別能力が高かった。これは母語において(音韻規則に違反しない)解放のない語末閉鎖音を知覚しているという体験によるものと考えられる。そのため,母語で同様の知覚体験を持たない日本人よりも,タイ語の閉鎖音対立に必要な音声情報を効率的に得ることができると推測される。本研究は多言語間の音声知覚における母語の役割をよりよく理解するためには,複数の異なった母語話者のグループを体系的に比較することの重要性を強調するものである。

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This paper examines how Korean learners of Japanese (beginners) perceive a geminate stop; the effect of pitch type and a consonant in the initial syllable following the t-closure. 16 nonsense words (reto, retto meto, metto, keto, ketto, teto, tetto) which have a contrast in the voiceless and the voiced consonants of the initial syllable, as well as in the pitch type (High-Low, Low High) containing /t/ singleton or geminate contrast are presented in a carrier sentence spoken at a normal speaking rate. It was found that (1) error rate of perceiving geminate words as singleton words (t-dropping) is higher than that of perceiving singleton as geminate (t-insertion). (2) error is higher as following; voiced+LH>voiced+ HL≧voiceless+HL>voiceless+LH. (3) error rate of t-insertion is higher in LH singleton words and that of t-dropping is higher in HL geminate words.

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本研究は,幼児の音素習得の順序に影響を与えている言語に固有の要因を調査することを目的とした。各言語によって,音素の習得順序には差異があることが知られており,出現頻度やその言語における音韻的役割などが,その原因として挙げられる。日本人幼児の言語習得において,後部歯茎摩擦音/破擦音の習得は,言語一般に考えられているよりも早いことが知られているため,[∫][t∫][s]に注目し,母親の子供への話しかけの中での出現頻度と,その音素の現れる環境を調べた。その結果,母親の発話の中では幼児に対して使う幼児語表現の多さから,異なり語数は少ないものの,後部歯茎摩擦音/破擦音の延べ出現数が高くなっていることがわかった。

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