巻号一覧
前身誌
91 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の40件中1～40を表示しています
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
-社会鉄鋼工学部会特集-友田 陽2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 1
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (138K) -
主としてたたらによる砂鉄製錬について舘 充2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 2-10
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/19
ジャーナル フリーIron making from iron sand in Chugoku district began soon after the introduction of iron ore smelting by the low shaft box-type furnace in the middle of the sixth century and it rapidly spread all over the country, but Chugoku district continued to be the center of its progress. The process consistently developed throughout the ancient and the medieval times towards more elevated furnace temperature by means of increased furnace volume, improved underground facilities for moisture elimination and increased blowing capacity of bellows. The development resulted in the birth of Tatara as the finally-evolved box-furnace on the one hand and in the change of the chief product of smelting from lumpy mixture of metal with slag or a large metal block involving some slag to molten pig iron (Zuku) on th other hand. The priority production of Zuku led to the invention of the two-stage refining process for its conversion into wrought iron (Ohkaji) in the 17th century. Zuku-making by Tatara and refining by Ohkaji formed Japanese indirect wrought iron making system.
Metal block (Kera), which was formed in Zuku making from a sort of iron sand hard to fuse (Masa) compared with another sort of iron sand (Akome), proved to contain about 50% parts of steel high in carbon content, which, naturally, were taken out by hammering after the rough crushing by falling-weight methd.
Because of economical disadvantages mainly due to inefficiency of iron sand smelting, Japanese indirect iron making system could not survive after 1923 in spite of several successes in developing new iron making process of blast furnace-type. However Tatara is preserved as a technical heritage and is still operated several times a year for direct steel making through Kera.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1697K) -
藤尾 慎一郎2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 11-15
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーThis paper focuses on the influence what the AMS-carbon 14 age method attains to the history of the iron in the Japanese Islands.
The research team in National Museum of Japanese History makes a clear that the Yayoi period began in 10 Cen. cal BC. However, there was a problem in this.
It is iron. If the Yayoi period has started in the 10th Cen. BC, it means that the ironware in Japanese Islands had spread early rather than it spreads in China.
The research team reexamined the ironware excavated from Magarita site in the Fukuoka Pref. considered to be the oldest ironware in Japan. Consequently, the excavation situation was indefinite and it turned out that we cannot specify the time to belong.
Furthermore, 36 ironwares in the initial and early Yayoi were also already found by that time cannot be specified except for two points. Therefore, it turned out that Japanese ironware appeared in the 3rd century of B.C. What does this mean?
Although it had been thought that the beginning of agriculture in Japan and the appearance of ironware were simultaneous, it turned out that agriculture has appeared early about in 700 years. Therefore, it became clear that agriculture of Japan started at the Stone Age.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (943K) -
山下 智司, 藤原 大介, 雀部 実2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 16-22
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーThe effect of the oxygen potential on cohesion was examined by using the pulverized ore of iron sand, hematite ore, and magnetite ore. The sample was kept under atmosphere by which the oxygen potential and the temperature were kept constant during the fixed time, and the state of cohesion was examined. The temperature was an interval of 50°C of 11731423K, and the holding time was done in 15 min until 60 min.
It has been understood to cohere easily in the oxygen potential in the stability area of the wüstite in each pulverized ore. Order of the tendency of cohesion was as follows; iron sand > hematite ore > magnetite ore. SiO2 and TiO2 of the mineral composition in iron sand are greatly related to cohesion. The surface of the ore particle melted, and the fusion of the ore particle each other was confirmed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (6643K) -
羽場 睦美2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 23-27
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/18
ジャーナル フリー筆者は,山本・大野らの先行研究を受け,砂鉄原料中のチタン酸化物は前近代砂鉄製錬にとって一定度有益な溶剤として反応すると推側した。それを検証するために製鉄遺跡出十澤等のデータをもとに3つの解析を行った。
その結果,チタン酸化物が砂鉄製錬澤中で鉄酸化物を置換し共晶物質を形成して低融点マトリックスを生成するのに寄与していることを突き止めた。これは塩基的な反応と推測されるがその決定にはさらに研究が必要である。
一方,鉄とチタンの二元系の化合物はCMA特性X線像では確認されず,両元素問においてチタンは塩基的に反応していなかったことが推測された。
また,世界のブルーマリー製錬澤と比較した結果,それらの主要塩基性溶剤がファイアライト類似鉱物であるのに対し,砂鉄製錬澤ではその5～20%のFeO分がTiO2分に置換されていたことを抽出し示した。
これらによって,チタン酸化物がスラグの流動性に一定度寄与する溶剤として反応していたことを明らかにした。ただし,これも,詳細についてはさらなる研究が必要である。
以上の遺跡製錬津の解析の結果,これまで糸口が得られなかった前近代砂鉄製錬の炉内反応の議論に具体的な視点を提供することになった。これは学界に新たな問題解決のステージを形成することに貢献すると考える。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3380K) -
伊藤 公久, 松崎 健嗣2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 28-32
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーPhysical chemistry of TiO2-containing FeO-based slag should be valuable to understand the iron and steelmaking processes using iron sand. In the present work, the activity of each component was estimated for FetO-SiO22-TiO2-MOx (MOx=CaO, MgO, AlO1.5) melts by using regular solution model. The empirical equation to estimate the reduction rate of the same melts by CO gas was derived from the experimental data. The methodology of the estimation of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of TiO2-containing FeO-based slag was established.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (538K) -
雀部 実, 山下 智司, 宇津野 伸二, 舘 充2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 33-38
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーIn order to discuss Tatara smelting process, a phase diagram of quasi binary system of fayalite-titania is studied by using of differential thermal analysis procedure (DTA).
It is revealed that the system has eutectic and peritectic points which are located in area of comparatively low TiO2 content and comparatively low temperature.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4557K) -
加藤 恵之, 塗 嘉夫, 坪田 一一, 松永 久, 横井 崇光2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 39-46
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリー"Ohkajiba", which is the Tatara steelmaking process in Edo and Meiji eras, early modern times, corresponds to the recent steelmaking shop process including blooming mill process of the integrated iron and steel works. Those processes include the decarbonizing process of pig iron, Zuku and Bugera, the removal process of inclusions, mainly oxides, the homogenizing process and manufacturing process of products such as "Hocho-tetsu and Waritetsu", mild steel.
Considering the thermal technology in early modern times, it was supposed not to be able to melt low carbon steel such as the Hocho-tetsu though pig iron was probably able to melt due to its low melting point. It means decarbonizing process at the "Ohkajiba" should basically be half-melt reaction or solid reaction. In spite that the rate of decarbonizing process under this half-melt reaction or solid reaction supposed to be extremely slow based on the general modern metallurgical reaction kinetics, decarbonizing rate at the "Ohkajiba" was very fast based on the some descriptions about the operation at the"Ohkajiba". That rate is equal to that in large size open-hearth furnaces, though it is slower than that of large size basic oxygen furnaces. Those facts are amazing for modern metallurgists.
In this report, supposed operations with decarbonizing process in the "Ohkajiba", information from a modern blacksmith of Japanese swords and the simulation results were proposed and some considerations from the point of view of modern metallurgy were discussed through those results.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (6133K) -
天辰 正義2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 47-54
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/05/25
ジャーナル フリー(1)出土鉄滓の化学成分と製鉄工程の分類
出十鉄滓の製鉄工程上の分類は,鉄滓の化学成分の分析結果によりT.FeとTiO2との関係図,および造滓成分(Slag Component SC=SiO2+Al2O3+CaO+MgO)とT.Feとの関係図から,砂鉄系製錬滓,鉄鉱石系製錬滓,砂鉄系精錬鍛冶滓,砂鉄系鍛錬鍛冶滓および付着滓に判別が可能であり,FeO-TiO2-SiO22状態図に基づいて検討した結果,以下の成分範囲に分類された。
砂鉄系製錬滓は,20%≦TFe≦55%で1%≦TiO2≦40%の範囲にあって,SC≒30%である。また鉱石系製錬滓は,30%≦T,Fe≦50%でTiO2≦1%の範囲にあって,30%≦SC≦56%の範囲にある。
砂鉄系精錬鍛冶滓は,45%≦TFe≦65%で,05%≦TiO2≦15%の範囲にあって,20%≦SC≦30%の範囲にある。
砂鉄系鍛錬鍛冶滓は50%≦TFe≦70%で,TiO2≦15%の範囲にあって,SC≦20%の範囲にある。
付着滓は,T.Fe≦20%で,60%≦SC≦90%の範囲にある。
TiO2≦0.5%では,砂鉄系と鉱石系の鍛冶滓の判別は難しいが,成分比MnO/TiO2のグラフから判別ができる場合がある。半還元砂鉄(含鉄滓),金属鉄と鉄滓が共存している鉄塊系遺物や銃化鉄を含む不均質な鉄津の判別では,化学成分の分析結果のみでは鉄滓の分類は難しい。X線回折や顕微鏡組織観察の結果も加え,さらに資料の考古学的検討の結果も配慮する必要がある。
(2)砂鉄製錬の特徴
造滓成分をSC=SiO2+Al2O3+CaO+MgOで代表し,T.Feとの関係を図示し,得られた分析データ群から平衡状態図において特定できる組成の特異点や外挿点との関係を解析した。砂鉄系製錬津のSCは,鉱石系製錬滓のSCより低くなるが,TiO2=0%から40%に増加しても,シリカ成分は40%から30%に減少するだけで鉄滓の融体化反応が維持されていたと推定された。すなわち,砂鉄中の二酸化チタン含有量が高い始発原料であっても,融体化反応は類似の造滓成分(SC≒30%一定)と同じような温度条件(約1250℃)で可能であるという砂鉄製錬の特徴が,平衡状態図の液相線と分析データの解析から得られた。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1217K) -
松本 建速2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 55-61
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーTo identify the process of iron production, some indicators are proposed by using the chemical components of excavated slag. Especially, the ratio of Ti/Fe and V/Fe are useful for this purpose. All indicators, however, are not always appropriate for the distinguishable procedure between bowl-shaped slag and other slag. It is not yet fundamentally explained that major elements of iron-making slag caused from any materials.
In this article, ten major elements which are constituent of iron-making slag as Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Titanium (Ti), Manganese (Mn), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P) are considered by using the released analytical data. Every element has been normalized against Si, and the correlation diagrams are plotted. The correlation diagram with Si can be distinguished as 3 groups.
( 1 ) Elements Al, Ca, Na, K and P have positive correlation with Si.
( 2 ) Elements Ti, Mn, and Mg do not correlate with Si.
( 3 ) Fe has negative correlation with Si.
Elements of group (1) as Ca, Na, K and P increase the content in any slag during the smelting, refining and forging processes. Thus, it is obvious that these four elements can not be utilized for the distinguishable procedure of ancient iron-making slag.
On the other hand, elements of group (2) as Ti, Mn and Mg are appropriate to be indicators for the distinguishable procedure of two types slag between forging slag (sometimes in refining process) and other slag (normally in smelting process). On the basis of concentration of the 3 elements, it is indicated that bowl-shaped slag is formed in forging (sometimes in refining), and other slag is done in smelting.
As the result of this study, the ratio of element as Mn/Ti, Mn/Si, Mg/Ti and Mg/Si are suggested to be useful as indicators for the distinguishable procedure between bowl-shaped slag and other slag.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1200K) -
田辺 潤2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 62-67
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーFrom influence of temperature being big in an iron manufacture principle during the operation in modified tatra steelmaking furnace method, the temperature of inside of whole in modified tatra steelmaking furnace was measured, and the non-equilibrium reaction temperature was examined. I did condition setting of simulation afterwards and made temperature distribution by ANSYS by analysis of temperature distribution in a furnace. The carbon content of "Kera" was around 1.5 mass%. I could grasp temperature distribution in modified tatra steelmaking furnace as a result of having done a temperature distribution simulation in a furnace and was able to confirm a generation part of "Kera", shape again.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4482K) -
山末 英嗣, 林 宏樹, 石原 慶一2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 68-74
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーThe steelmaking operations using a small "Tatara" furnace have been performed to investigate the effects of furnace size on the characteristics of "Kera" (steel bloom). The height and the cross-sectional area of the furnace are varied. The weight of Kera increases with increasing the furnace height due to the increased average temperature at upper tuyere, and the carbon concentration of Kera shows a linear relationship with the temperature. It is important for Tatara steelmaking operation to arrange the furnace size with which iron sand is reduced and carburized at temperatures around 1350°C without being blown out. From this viewpoint, the appropriate furnace size is discussed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4005K) -
佐々木 稔2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 75-82
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーArchaeologists have classified the ancient and medieval shaft furnace into three types; "rectangular box", "self-standing" and "partly-undergrounded". Although the shaft wall lost its original shape, they have tried to pick up the brick pieces and reconstruct the wall. The heights of the restored shaft are reported to be ranging from about 50 to 70 cm. The author supposes that such a low shaft furnace could not have been able to smelt iron sand in liquid state.
Under the optical microscope, graphite carbon, ledeburite and primary-crystallized cementite were observed in the inner part of metal-rich relics and identified to be the remaining structure of pig iron before decarbonization. Fair amounts of Cu, P, Ni and/or Co were contained in the excavated pig iron sample. These elements are estimated to originate in the raw magnetite ore. Analytical results of the samples taken from the three types furnace ruins have not shown any distinguishable relationship among the main slag components.
It was considered that most of the ancient and medieval furnaces were operated for steelmaking of pig iron.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3813K) -
久保 善博, 佐藤 豊, 村川 義行, 久保田 邦親2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 83-90
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/19
ジャーナル フリーThe Japanese traditional steel making method which manufactures steel "Kera" or pig iron "Zuku" from iron sand and charcoal is so called "Tatara" steel making process. The influence of the loading ratio of iron sand to charcoal on the "Tatara" steel making was investigated. In the case of the loading ratio is equal to 1, high carbon steel "Kera" was produced at the high yield accompanied with viscous slag "Noro". In the meantime, in the case of the loading ratio is equal to 1.5, the carbon content of the produced steel "Kera" was low at the low yield accompanied with a lot of low viscous slag "Noro". In the case of low loading ratio, so called "light charge", iron sand was well deoxidized and carbonized in the furnace and became to high carbon steel "Kera" at the high efficiently. In that case, the slag "Noro" became to viscous one because of the reduction of FeO content.
On the contrary, in the case of high loading ratio, so called "heavy charge", the deoxidization of iron sand was insufficient and most of iron sand was discharged as a slag "Noro" to the outside of the furnace. As the result, produced steel "Kera" yield lowered. During the "heavy charge" operation, the composition of the slag "Noro" became FeO-rich, and then the fluidity of the slag "Noro" increased. It was clarified that the controlling of the loading ratio was an important factor which affected both to the quality and productivity of steel "Kera" and the fluidity of slag "Noro" on "Tatara" steel making process.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (13988K) -
古主 泰子2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 91-96
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリー古代の釘がなぜ長く朽ちることなく使用できるかの疑問に対して,素材の介在物量と素材を包み込む酸化皮膜の構造に着目した。その結果,素材には鉄澤が残存する必要があり,特にP濃度で0.1%オーダーのケイ酸系ガラス質が存在することが重要であることを確認した。また電子線回折による構造解析の結果,津を含む和釘に生成する皮膜には結晶子サイズ10nm程度の微細な多結晶FeOが存在し,しかも界面側および最表層側の2層構造となっていることを確認した。さらにこの皮膜は通常の熱間圧延で生成する単結晶FeOとは異なり密着性が良好であり,保護皮膜としての効果が期待されるものであった。
滓を適量含む古代の釘の製造工程での鍛錬でのたたき出し作業は,フェライト中に,澤のガラス質分を微細に均一に分散させて鋼自体の耐食性を向上させるばかりでなく,素地との密着性の良好な微細な保護皮膜を形成させる効果があると推定した。しかしこの効果は適量の滓が存在して初めて発揮されるものであり,鋼を何度も再利川するに従い失われるものではないかと思われた。
今後は,滓を適量含む和鉄において,鍛錬工程で生成する皮膜の結晶子サイズの変化についてさらに調査を進めていきたいと考える。
またこのような古代の釘を調査される場合,酸化皮膜の結晶子サイズにも関心を持って調査していただけることを期待する。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (19755K) -
鈴木 卓夫2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 97-102
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/19
ジャーナル フリー"Tatara" is a traditional box-type furnace in Japan and had produced iron from iron sand and charcol. In this Tatara there were two techniques which were called Zuku-Oshi and Kera-Oshi. Zuku means pig-iron and Kera means steel. The Tatara started in the latter half of six century and is continuing up to today. I am interested in when did the two techniques establish. So I tried to investigate the question with data of iron (pig-iron) image of Buddha making age and old document which is called "Kokon-Kajibiko". It is concluded that Zuku-Oshi has established regularly in Kamakura period (1192-1333). In Kera-Oshi case is the latter half of Muromachi period (1392-1573).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (8362K) -
星 秀夫, 佐々木 稔2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 103-107
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリー供試材である日本刀の三振りを切断し多くの項目について調査した結果,炭素以外の諸元素が極めて少ない高純度の炭素鋼であることが鍛接性を良くし耐食性を高め,また刀身全表面に圧縮残留応力をもたせることが日本刀の靱性をさらに強化すること等が確認できたことである.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3862K) -
渡辺 ともみ2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 108-115
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/18
ジャーナル フリーThe traditional steel manufacturing (Tatara) of Japan which developed in the early modern times fell into the decline in the Meiji Period. On the other hand, because it is being made by reducing iron sand with charcoal, the amount of phosphorus and sulfur of Tatara iron is low. Therefore it was adopted as a raw material of the alloy steel at Naval Arsenal of the Meiji latter period. The purpose of the main subject is to explain that process.
The quality which the navy demanded was limited to the speck of the low phosphorus. Then, the navy never tried to admit the cost which corresponded with that quality. The makers of Tatara iron had efforts to cope with a naval requirement. But, they had to give up their Tatara business suddenly. That was because naval warship manufacture stopped observing Washington disarmament treaty. They advanced all together to charcoal industry after that.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1559K) -
新井 宏2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 116-121
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/18
ジャーナル フリーNothing tells us more eloquently on the level of a technology than the cost or the quantity. If we know the prices of some metals at any period in any location, we can discuss the technical level to a certain degree only from the information. From the above idea this author is carrying out a compilation of worldwide historical metal prices and so on. In this report this author deliberates on iron prices in ancient Japan and makes an attempt to compare the prices internationally with ancient China or medieval Europe. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The ratios of iron prices for rice prices in ancient Japan are concentrated in 6 to 8 (2) The values are slightly higher than in ancient China (the ratios of iron price for rice prices are about 5), but there is no significant difference. (3) As to ancient Europe there is no appropriate document but from the 14th England case (the ratio of iron price for wheal price is 4.8) there would not be much difference. (4) The ratio of iron price for rice price is gradually decreasing worldwide and reaches 2 in 17th or 18th century.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (926K) -
片山 裕之, 北村 寿宏, 高橋 一郎2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 122-126
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーIron making by Tatara at Oku-Izumo developed from reopening in 1638 after prohibition of operation to becoming the center of iron production in Japan in the end of Edo era. The history of its management was studied from the stand point of countermeasure to environmental and economic problems, and quality of the product, in order to get the hints for the future iron and steel making.
(1) Managers of tatara at Oku-Izumo held concurrently the manager of agriculture, forest and stock farming. As the results of the all-round management, social system of circulation was established, under cooperation with the administration.
(2) The change of Tatara operation from 4 to 3 d in the first half of 19th century was trial and error for economical production system, and fixing of 3 d operation was interpreted as the flexible production system.
(3) Superiority of Kera produced by Tatara process as the material for production of sword by forging was originated in un-uniformity. This suggests that conception surpassing the optimum of partial process is valid for cost down of quality assurance and the creation added value of the product in modern iron and steel making.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (944K) -
ポピュレーションバランスモデル,ピンチ解析,LCAを統合化した評価ツール「SILT」の開発松野 泰也, 醍醐 市朗, 足立 芳寛2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 127-134
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to evaluate environmental impacts associated with products during their life cycle. However, it has been recognized that LCA has a limitation in assessing open cycle recycling of materials because of inevitable subjective judgments in setting system boundary. According with the enforcement of recycling laws, there has been a rapid increase in recycling ratio of materials at the end-of-life of products in Japan. So, materials' life cycle is getting more complicated, which makes it difficult to quantify the environmental impacts of materials used in a product in an appropriate way. This paper reviews this limitation of conventional LCA and suggests a new methodology for assessing open cycle recycling of materials. The new tool is called "Strategic Integrated LCA Technology for sustainable society, SILT", in which LCA is integrated with population balance model and pinch technology. This tool deals with dynamic aspects of recycling materials and has macro point of view. One can assess the maximum recyclable ratio of the scrap materials and total environmental impacts caused by the material production in asociety in each year. In addition, reduction potential of environmental impacts by theintroduction of new technology, such as DfE, can be quantified by this tool.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1260K) -
瀧 文男, 森 正晃, 小田 武, 高松 信彦, 吉田 言2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 135-140
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリー(1)スチール缶の場合,鉄鋼製品にリサイクルされる割合は87.5%(平成15年)と他容器に比べて高い。また,世界的にも最高水準である。また,Cプレスなど規格スクラップ以外の焼却後回収された焼き缶などを含めて考えるとリサイクル率は95.8%(平成13年度)となる。
(2)鉄鋼の特徴である[鉄鋼製品が鉄鋼製品に循環使用されている]ことを考慮してLCA評価した結果,リサイクルの進んだスチール缶はCO2発生量やエネルギー消費量が少ない容器であることが明らかになった。
(3)上記の結果を鉄鋼関係者から広く一般消費者にPRし,スチールのリサイクル適性の認知拡大を図り,更なるリサイクル率向上のための活動の推進力としていく。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (912K) -
林 誠一, 玉城 わかな, 友田 陽2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 141-146
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーThe origins and characters of steel scrap were quantitatively estimated by using officially published statistic data combined with unpublished data which were available only within individual industries. The estimation procedures include (1) tabulating the amounts of steel products in the past 45 years, (2) classifying steel scrap into individual origins, and then (3) revealing the characters of the scrap. As results, the origins of the scrap generated in 2000 were made clear based on the whole material flow ; for example, 75% in the total amount of steel scrap was produced by basic oxygen converter in the past and 45% of the obsolete scrap was generated from cold-rolled coil.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (959K) -
林 誠一, 玉城 わかな, 友田 陽2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 147-149
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーIn this study, sources of steel scraps for electric furnace steel products were investigated as fundamental data for studies aiming at improvement of recycling of steel.
The amounts of steel scraps generated in 2001 were divided into heavy scrap processed by guillotine (58.7%), shredded scrap (7.2%), pressed scrap (3.4%), koudarai scrap (6.9%), shindachi scrap (17.6%) and others (6.2%). Then, the mixing ratios of various kinds of steel scrap and pig iron for raw materials of electric furnace (EF) were estimated. It was found that the mixing ratio of the steel scraps was dependent on steel products, and hence different in three groups ; family EF companies of blast furnace (BF) steel makers, mild steel EF makers and special steel EF makers. For example, the BF family companies produced mild steel (21.6%) and special steels (78.4%) by employing the mixing of 42.2% inhouse scrap, 15.3% heavy scrap, 19.8% shindachi scrap, 7.4% koudarai scrap and 1.3% pig iron for the raw material.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (378K) -
中島 謙一, 玉城 わかな, 藤巻 大輔, 醍醐 市朗2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 150-153
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーAn effective utilization of scraps has been required for a establishing a sound material-cycle society. In order to understand the supply and demand system of the scrap at the present time, it is necessary to know the detail and precise scrap flow. For this purpose, the present study aims a material flow analysis for the iron and steel scraps. Since the iron and steel are the most typical base-materials for the society, it has been believed that we have enough amount of statistical information on their scrap markets. It is found by the present study, however, that the domestic circulation figure for iron and steel scrap was hard to be drawn due to mainly the discrepancy of the definition of each scrap category between the supplier and the user. Such discrepancy results in the following three major problems; (1) discontinuity of the scrap flow, (2) mismatching of the categories of supplied and used scraps, and (3) the lack of the data about un-collective scrap.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (822K) -
中島 謙一, 原田 幸明, 林 誠一2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 154-158
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリー今回の研究により以下の成果が得られた。
・産業連関表を利用した新しい鉄加工スクラップ量の推計方法開発した。
・発生部門別の鉄加工スクラップ量データベースを構築した。
さらに,本手法による結果より,業界で行っている鉄加工スクラップ発生率実態調査の再検討が必要であることが明らかとなった。本研究は,継続中であり,スクラップ業者等へのヒアリングを現在も行っている。今後は,これらの調査をもとに,推計したスクラップ価格の検討を行う。また,今回の推計では,1部門から発生するスクラップは1銘柄と仮定して分析を実施した。今後は,部門内のスクラップ銘柄の分割の検討を行う。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (805K) -
醍醐 市朗, 松野 泰也, 石原 慶一, 足立 芳寛2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 159-166
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーThe life cycle of steel begins in the mining of iron-ore from the earth. Steels are produced in steel works and used in various products. Some of the steels are recycled at the end-of-life of the products and used as a resource for the production of steel products in electric furnace, while the other steels are used just one time in products and go into landfill. As the recycle ratios of steel from used products increase, the average number of times of use and residence time of Iron element that comes into society as iron are and goes out from the society as landfill will increase. So these values indicate "sustainability of material use" in a society. In this work, a methodology was developed for analyzing the average number of times of use and residence time of Iron element in a society by applying Markov chain model. It was calculated that the average number of times of use and residence time of Iron element in a society based on the material flow of steels in Japan in 2000 are 2.67 and 62.9 years, respectively. Both of these values are significantly dependent on the recycle ratio of steels from civil & building facilities and automobiles. It was indicated that the average number of times of use and residence time of Iron element in a society would increase up to 3.17 and 75.8 if the recycle ratio of steels from civil and building facilities increase from 50 to 60%.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1398K) -
林 誠一, 玉城 わかな2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 167-170
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリー鉄スクラップに関する統計をまとめるとTable 1のようになる。部門別の加工屑及び老廃屑推計は実際の流通量との乖離が大きくなってきている。そのため,推計方法の見直しや新しい推計方法の構築が必要である。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (640K) -
醍醐 市朗, 藤巻 大輔, 松野 泰也, 足立 芳寛2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 171-178
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/18
ジャーナル フリーSteels are produced in large quantities and being recycled at high rate in Japan. However, recycling of steel scraps would lead to the enhancement of contamination of undesirable tramp metals in steel scraps. So, the limitation of recycling of the steel scarps would be expected in the near future. This may increase in the production of virgin steels and environmental impacts associated with total steel production in Japan. The authors have developed a dynamic model to assess the maximum recyclable ratio of steel scraps and the total environmental impacts caused by the steel production in Japan. The model is based on population balance model (PBM), material pinch technology in corporate with LCA. The amount of steel scraps generated in Japan and their concentration of tramp metal during 1990-2030 were estimated by PBM. The maximum recyclable ratio of steel scraps in each year was calculated by material pinch technology, in which assessed were optimal balance between the amount and quality of steel scraps and those of steel products. The total CO2 emissions caused by steel production in Japan during 1990-2030 were estimated by LCA.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1337K) -
醍醐 市朗, 藤巻 大輔, 松野 泰也, 足立 芳寛2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 179-183
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーPromotion of recycling may cause the increase in concentration of undesirable tramp elements in steel scraps. In the future, some of the steel scraps may be unusable due to the high concentration of tramp element. So, the introduction of new technologies, such as easy disassembly design, that enhances the separation of tramp elements from steel scraps at the end-of-life of products could increase the maximum recyclable ratio of steel scraps. This could indirectly lead to the reduction of environmental impacts caused by crude steel production.
In this study, the indirect reduction potential of CO2 emissions by the introduction of easy disassembly design for automobiles was analyzed. The dynamic model that has been developed by the authors in the previous paper was used for assessing the reduction potential of CO2 emissions. It was found that the reduction potential of CO2 emissions by the introduction of easy disassembly design for automobiles in 2010 were up to 0.62 t-CO2 and 0.98 t-CO2 per automobile, depending on scenario. There was little reduction potential of CO2 if the concentration of tramp element (Cu) in automobile scraps was more than 0.5 wt%.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (670K) -
嶋田 雅俊, 宮本 教一, 平尾 雅彦, 中村 崇2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 184-191
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーEnvironmental impact and cost of waste plastics utilization in the steel industry as feedstock materials for blast and electric furnaces were evaluated using scenario-based life cycle assessment technique. These processes were compared with conventional processes including liquefaction and incineration with electric power generation. Since existent process inventory data do not include an input flow of plastic materials and cannot be used for the analysis of scenarios varying plastics flow rate, new process inventory models, which have an input flow of plastics and have other input/output flows depending on the flow rate of plastics, were developed.
A case study of the utilization of the industrial waste plastics from Aichi district was performed using our life cycle model. Total emission of carbon dioxide and total energy consumption were used as environmental indices and costs of transportation, investments and utilities were estimated as well. We found that every process is effective from the view point of the reduction of carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption. Especially, the blast furnace has large potential to reduce carbon dioxide emission. The transportation does not have significant contribution to environmental impacts and total cost. As a result, waste plastics utilization in the steel industry is an effective technology to reduce environmental impacts.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1289K) -
醍醐 市朗, 寺澤 崇, 松野 泰也, 山下 勝, 足立 芳寛2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 192-198
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーRecycling of waste plastics from household appliances and automobile shredder residue (ASR) is a major concern in Japan along with the enforcement of recycling law. Chemical recycling technology for waste plastics (including flame retardance plastics) has been developed by Japanese industries. In this work, life cycle inventory analysis and project finance method were applied to analyze CO2 emissions and economic feasibility of this technology and compared with those of conventional technologies. It was found that chemicals (Br) recovery in conjunction with energy recovery by this recycling technology could lead to significant reduction of CO2 emissions compared with those from conventional incineration. It was found that economic feasibility of this technology is strongly dependent on disposal cost of waste plastics and cost of electricity.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1175K) -
藤岡 義彰, 柴田 悦郎, 葛西 栄輝, 中村 崇2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 199-205
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーIt is very important to know material flows of various substances for better understanding of the environmental impacts of the substances. The material flow of fluorine in the industrial use and the influence of the environmental regulation were investigated from a total point of view for trying to control the fluorine waste in environment. The waste water-Discharge standards of fluorine based on the law on water pollution prevention was reinforced from 15 mg/l to 8 mg/l in 2001.
Almost 100% of fluorine was imported and 90% of it was fluorspar. Main users of fluorine in Japan were the steel industry and the chemical industry and over 90% of fluorine was consumed in both industries during the period investigated in this study.
The amount of fluorine use in Japan decreased totally after reinforcement of waste water-Discharge standards due to the decrease of the steel industry use. Because most fluorine finally changes to slags as a by-product and they are target of reinforcement. On the other hand, fluoride compounds produced in the chemical industry are valuable products. Only the production of Chlorofluorocarbons was stopped to prevent a destruction of ozone layer. The drain management techniques of waste water containing fluorine were also discussed and a simple concept for the recycling of fluorine was proposed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1121K) -
鈴木 徹也, 寺田 真一, 友田 陽2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 206-211
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーA coating method for steel using a mixture of Al and Ti powders has been developed. Pure iron and a carbon steel (JIS-S45C) were successfully coated by the new method, where the coated layer consisted of iron aluminide: Al2TiFe, FeAl, etc. The thickness and chemical compositions of the layer were influenced by heating history and mixing weight ratio of Al and Ti powder. The coated specimen showed neither cracking nor peeling after cyclic heating test between 293 and 973K in air, revealing high oxidation resisitance.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (16879K) -
村上 浩二, 西田 典秀, 長村 光造, 友田 陽, 鈴木 徹也2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 212-216
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2010/01/18
ジャーナル フリー炭素鋼S45Cと合金工具鋼SKD61に対して,粉末液層被覆によるAl拡散浸透ならびにプラズマ窒化処理を行うことで,以下の結果を得た。
(1)Al拡散浸透処理の初期段階において,S45C表面にはFe2Al5がc軸を基板面法線に揃えて生成した被覆層が形成される。その後,被覆層から拡散層にAlが供給され,被覆層はAl濃度の低下に伴ってFeAl2,α-Feへと変態するとともに,α-Feの拡散層がγ-Feの基板内部に向かって成長する。この時,α-Feの固溶限を超えたCはγ-Fe側へ押し出されるとともに,拡散層終端部のAl濃度は系に存在するCの影響によって,高純度Fe基板の場合よりも高い値を示す。
(2)SKD61においても同様にα-Feの拡散層が柱状生成するが,Al拡散浸透処理温度(1303K)においても安定なV炭化物およびVとCrの複炭化物がα-Fe中に残留した組織が得られる。
(3)SKD61に対するAl拡散浸透処理後のプラズマ窒化処理により,Al拡散浸透部が窒化されることでHV1200～1600の硬さが得られ,直下の窒化層ではHV1200から単調に硬さが減少し,基板硬さ(HV570)に至る硬さ推移曲線が得られる。改質層の表面XRDにおいて,窒化前の状態から大きくひずんだα-Feならびにε-Fe3N,γ'-Fe4Nが同定されるが,Alの存在状態を特定することは困難で,ウルツ鉱構造としても岩塩構造としても有意な量のAINは確認されない。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (7753K) -
横田 仁志, 鈴木 徹也2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 217-223
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーThe high temperature oxidation resistance of high specific strength intermetallic compound TiAl was improved by boronizing using chrolide and boride molten salt. The molten salt process has some remarkable characteristics as follows; 1) very simple process, 2) the atomosphere doesn't effect on the chemical reaction in the liquid, 3) specimen is fully dipped into the treatment liquid. TiB2 and Al3Ti layers were produced on the surface of TiAl by this process. The dense and protective Al2O3 phase was observed on the Al3Ti layer. The boronized TiAl was investigated in continuous and cyclic oxidation test at 1173K and 1123K. The mass gain due to oxidation of TiAl decreased by boronizing, where no pealing was observed during oxidation test.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (9089K) -
設樂 守良, 井口 学, 玉森 匠2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 224-229
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーSludge treatment using a gas-liquid two-phase swirling jet and ozone was proposed. The swirl motion of a gas-liquid two-phase jet appeared in a cylindrical bath under certain injecting conditions, and the bath was strongly agitated in the presence of the swirl motion. The swirling jet brought a very excellent effect on the ozone reaction with sludge. The intensity of agitation was quantitatively evaluated by means of mixing time. An empirical equation was derived for the mixing time. Sludge was decomposed by this method and, as a result, BUD5 and SS in the sludge were significantly decreased.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (5296K) -
井口 大亮, 井口 学2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 230-235
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーInvestigation was carried out on a swirl motion of a cylindrical bath agitated by a bottom blown liquid jet. The nozzle was placed at an off-centered position. Particular attention was paid to the boundary of the region in which the swirl motion appears, the period of the swirl motion, the transient period from the start of water injection to the occurrence of the swirl motion, and the transient period from the stoppage of water injection to the annihilation of the swirl motion. The nozzle positon affected only the occurrence region of the swirl motion. Empirical equations proposed for a centered nozzle were applicable to the other quantities for the off-centered nozzle.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2555K) -
玉森 匠, 井口 学, 設樂 守良2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 236-240
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーInvestigation was made on an effect of the kinematic viscosity of a liquid on a swirl motion of the liquid in a cylindrical vessel. The swirl motion appeared when the liquid was agitated by bottom gas injection. Water and silicone oil were used as the working fluids. Particular attention was paid to the period, Ts, amplitude, A, starting time, Ts, s, damping time, Ts, d of the swirl motion. The preferable occurrence condition of the swirl motion was also determined. The occurrence region was expressed in terms of the aspect ratio and gas flow rate. It became narrow as the kinematic viscosity of liquid increased. An empirical equation was newly proposed for the amplitude, A. Empirical equations proposed previously for the remaining parameters, Ts, Ts, s Ts, d were applicable under the present experimental conditions.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2221K) -
井口 学, 玉森 匠, 設樂 守良, 井口 大亮2005 年 91 巻 1 号 p. 241-243
発行日: 2005/01/01
公開日: 2009/06/19
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (399K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|