This report is to describe the small scale town development policies in China that were carried out by Central Government and regional governments, throughout preparation stage to implementation stage, by looking at some concrete cases. The major findings and conclusions are as follows.
(1) The policies to develop small scale town in agricultural regions have been progressed from preparation and concept stage to implementation satge since 1987, in orderto cope with problems such as exess labor, massive movement of population from rural area to cities, rapidloss of arable land, and deepening environmental problems, caused by Contract Production System and the second phase of industrialization of agricutural regions.
(2) As the concrete steps for the policy implementation, a step-by-step approach was taken. First, the training for village leaders who implement the policy and experiment in model district were conducted. Then, with the experience of these places, it was expanded to nationwide development with phases.
(3) At the selecion of the model districts, regional characteristics and the level of development of small towns were taken into consideration, and the feasibility of experiment was regarded as the most important factor. For example, geographically, experiments as areswise, as linear, and as point were planned, according to the economic conditions of Eastern, Central, and Western regions. Based on the progress of small town development, certain objectives were set up, depending on each regions' conditions, such as degree of urbanization in agricultural area at Prefectural level, total development of small twons within the regions, and improvement of living environment, etc.
(4) With the development policy for the experimerts in the model districts, more emphases were placed on the merit of diregulation and flexible application of family registration, procurement of construction capital, use of land, and utilization of public facilities, rather than Central Government's projects and subsidies.
(5) With the experience of not being able to fully implement the concept in past, concrete plans were defined in the policy. Those inclused clear implementation schedule and time line, strong promotion method, periodical evaluation, and competition mecanism with rewards and punishments.
(6) At the regional level, realistic, feasible policies that accord to each region's particular conditions were adopted, rather than simply to apply the central government's policies. Like the case in Jiangsu Province, more effective considerations were given in adopting audinances which provided more concrete construction objectives and standard for decision making, and which replaced subjective and abstract audinances.

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As a part of the “Bangladesh Rural Development Experiment” project, various trials on farming technologies were carried out and monitored in an experimental village in the lower Meghna floodplain in order to find appropriate and sustainable technologies that can be developed and adopted by local people. They include (a) fish culture in a medium-size polder, (b) fish culture in a small polder, (c) fish culture in perennial swamps in and near the village settlement, and (d) cropping trials on broad ridges set at various heights in a small polder. Of these trials, fish culture in small polder and perennial swamps were adopted successfully and expanded subsequently to neighboring villages. Main factors of the success were: (a) bari-based, small group operation was efficient in making consensus among the participants, (b) the technologies applied were manageable although they were new to the villagers, and (c) cost outlay for building the polders and bunds was moderate.

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The purpose of the paper is to derive a formula to calculate exact welfare measures from Roback's hedonic price models and to apply it to the externality of rice paddy fields. The formula is an extension of Horowitz's result on Rosen's hedonic price models.
This paper briefly surveys the methodological progress of hedonic approach.
Main findings of the application are that the compensating variation, that is the willingness to accept compensation, WAC, to 1% decrease of rice paddy field in Kyoto prefecture is annually 35, 000 yen per household and that the individual and aggregate WAC amount to 12 yen and 768, 000 yen per hector. The graph also shows that the WAC is proportional to the percentage decrease of rice paddy fields.

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This paper examines the position of rural development in the postwar history of Japanese official development aids and provides a brief explanation of key concepts or phrases such as growth pole strategy, basic human needs, and non-governmental organizations.
This review is to facilitate communication and understanding among Japanese professionals who are committed or concerned with rural development in the developing world. For this reviewer, Japanese technical experts who deal with rural areas in the developing world can be divided into two groups. The first proup is concerned with the promotion of scientific and technological progresses in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and related industries. The second group is concerned with regional development planning and public infrastructure such as roads and irrigation systems. Unfortunately, the communication between the two groups is far from satisfactory.
The importance of rural development for developing countries is not going to diminish in spite of the presence of rapid industrial and service sector growth in several parts of the world, For a developing country, even if we can set aside political and financial issues, the population pressure, environmental degradation, and the maldistribution of growth, wealth, and resources have been chronic problems in pursuing balanced urban and rural development.
In the 1990s, Japan has become the leading country in the world in the total amount of official development aids. More than one tenth of Japanese bilateral ODA is directed to agricultural development. If we are to expect more emphasis on the integrated and holistic treatment of rural development, we cannot disregard the importance of history as a teacher for every discipline.

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This study is to examine the future perspective of allotment gradens from the viewpoints of land ownership and land use in urban area Interviewing 20 landowners of the allotments in Ichinomiya city, Aichi prefecture, we clarified locational character of the allotments, present conditions of landowners and their attitudes toward the allotments. The results are as follows:
1) The distribution area of allotments is expanding into marginal region from the central part in response to urbanization. In recent years, the number of allotments has increased and new allotments are concentrated in the frontier part of the city.
2) Almost all landowners are part-time farmers and managing a real estate. The average farmland scale they possess is about 0.52ha.
3) Landowners tend to choose long-distance agricultural land from their homes for allotments.
4) Most landowners have been satisfied with allotment management. And they intend to maintain these allotments for the time being.
5) In urbazation promotion areas, landowners have faced financial difficulties. The allotment management will fail because of high tax and motivation for land use conversion.

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