The term 'internationalization of Japan' refers to the fact that the present Japanese socioeconomic situation is directly affected by international conditions, because the basic Japanese economy has been sustained with the balance of trade obtained by processing materials from abroad. Recently, the trade conflict with other nations has become severe, the yen exchange rate is rising and the depression of steel, shipbuilding and other heavy industries is worsening. These factors are directly hitting agriculture and the rural areas. Thus rural Japan at present faces many problems and is confronted with an important turning point. Therefore, I think rural planning and rural arrangement is required at this time.
The followings are some aspects of rural planning. The first is the encouragement of regional industries including agriculture. The second is the arrangement of land and facilities for the community. The third is the rearrangement of human relations and reconstruction of organizations. The fourth is the reconsideration of regional culture. And finally there is the re-examination of the purpose of rural planning.

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We are primarily interested in the contributions to our understanding of 'rural planning problems' researched by economists, management scientists, sociologists, engineering scientists and biologists in agriculture. This interdisciplinary approach has its advantages, but at present seems not to have common conceptual terms to suit the line of demarcation that academics have drawn between their areas of study.
In this paper the writer attempts to apply such common concepual terms to the approach as 'environment, change, organization, structure, behavior'. Through these terms and such analytical terms as 'satisficing, search, learning, adaption, conflict' in psychology, he attempts to explain, predict and control the process from planning to implementation to solve rural and agricultural problems. All these terms are usually used to explain, predict and control behavioral hypotheses or rules in the behavioral science approach to decision making. This means that he will look at the process from rural or agricultural planning to implementation in the organizational and individual behaviors of the decision making process. The behavioral science approach is characterised by its descriptive and practical hypotheses that decision makers conduct really in 'satisficing criteria' within the 'bounded rationality' framework rather than' optimal criteria' within the 'perfect rationality' framework of nowmative approaches, because their cognitive capacities and environmental information for finding and solving probelms are really limited in decision making processes.
It is, however, a problem-solving and passive approach marked by improving conservatively agricultural infrastructure but not any strategies (opportunities) developing and active approach marked by renovating it. The land renovations for expanding and adjusting agricultural infrastructure are now expected so as to enlarge small farm sizes or to diversify specialised rice farms into mixed products farms, because their survival is today threatened by the internationalizing of the domestic economy. Therefore, such reclamation projects as a study case are significant for their active approach 87 and renovative character. But the results of these projects in general may not be successful because they are mostly implemented without rural planning involving the renovation of human relations and systems in farm products areas. This paper is characterised by ways of explaining, predicting and controlling a mechanism and factors that the reclamation project without rural planning does not result generally in developing regional agriculture of its implementing areas, according to III Ansoff's behavioral hypothesis that 'Strategy follows Structure'. This hypothesis is developed by the behavioral science approach.

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This report intends to make clear the characteristics of the village community improvement policy in Zhejiang Sheng, China.
The main characteristics are as follows:
1. The authorities do not provide guidelines for planning villages but individually and definitely lead communities, because the land is vast and there are different characteristics in each community in China;
2. The planning is by the people and the improvement is carried out according to the economic capacity of the group to which they belong.
3. The planning is divided into two stages: the basic plan which defines the basis of the plan and the detailed plan which shows its definite contents.

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The experience of rural development in the Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement (SSM) in Sri Lanka is analyzed from the viewpoint of grassroots participation.
It was not until the late 1960s that rural development became a paramount issue in the discussion of development problems. Most of the past efforts however have shown rather poor results except the production effects of the Green Revolution technology; Sri Lanka is not an exception to this. Though the country is famous for the growth-with-justice strategy employed by successive governments, the rural poor have not yet fully benefited from the recent central decision to accelerate economic growth. The clue to successful rural development is to be found in grassroots participation.
SSM has established an international reputation as a non-governmental organization involved in helping the poor help themselves. A brief description of its history, which reveals that more than one third of the total village communities in the country have already received the Sarvodaya message in one degree or another, is followed by a closer look at the development activities of the Sarvodaya village. They include various fields such as education, training, health, agriculture, local small-scale industries, all of which are oriented toward satisfying the Ten Basic Needs defined by SSM. The remarkable rural mobilization in SSM can be attributed to the fact that the movement has, since its inception in 1958, evolved the Buddhist notion of development as well as the practical strategy to realize it in the Sri Lankan rural context. Both are thus derived from the cultural tradition of the people there and familiar to them, resulting in having become instrumental in promoting mass participation. SSM's approach to rural development may therefore appear to evoke the potential energy of collective creativity with which the village community is endowed.

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Regional agricultural development planning or integrated development planning in Indonesia was in operation until the 1960s. Since the 1970s agricultural or rural development has aimed mainly to correct imbalances among the regions and to pursue social equality among the different classes of the people. These policies were not only looking for economic growth but also making efforts towards eradication of poverty.
The recent 4th five-year development plan has been in operation since 1984. The main objectives of the rural development in this plan are set on (I) agricultural production which copes with the needs of the people, (2) development of cooperative activities, (3) creating job opportunities in the rural areas, (4) support to the poor, and (5) promotion of family planning.
According to the Ministry of Interior, The Government of Indonesia, the share of 'Swasembada (well-developed and viable villages) ' in the total number of villages was 22 percent in 1983. The Government expects it to reach hundred percent by the year 2000.
'Program Kabutaten' (Prefectural Program), 'Padat Karya' (Labor Intensive Work), and 'Program Subsidi Desa' (Village Subsidy Program) are other kinds of village development programs which aim to expand job opportunities and improve the infrastructure in the rural areas.
As a particular type of rural development, transmigration programs have been conducted in order to decrease the population pressure in the densely populated areas like Java and to give working opportunities to transmigrants in the outer islands. Agriculture is lain as the central concern of the transmigration programs.
The main tasks in the present rural development are (1) identification of target groups and effective assistance to them in the developing processes, (2) reformation in organizations and management of the development programs, (3) better land use planning, (4) improvement of transmigration program, and (5) securing people's active participation in the development programs.

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Rural development is an important policy in the Fifth Malaysian Plan (1986-1990) as an efficient countermeasure for 1) large gaps in living standards between urban and rural areas, 2) concentration of population in urban areas, 3) increasing unemployment and 4) stagnant industrial development.
The Malaysia Government expects that urbanization of rural areas will alleviate those problems leading to 1) promotion of rural industry, 2) creation of employment opportunities, 3) enhancement of incomes, 4) provision of public services and 5) increased living standard for rural inhabitants.
In the Muda area, which is a representative paddy production area of the country and 46% of whose paddy farmers are under the poverty line, an increase in paddy production may not be a solution to the problems as the national target of rice self-sufficiency has been attained. Its development needs shoring up by the development of human resources along with local industries.

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