In this paper, we evaluate the environmental benefits which Nose-town's agricultural landscape bring about to residents by applying double-bounded dichotomous choice CVM.
As a result of the evaluation, we obtain about thirty-five billion yen per year as a value amount of the agricultural landscape (WTP) . The agricultural landscape is evaluated by residents within ninety-minute area from Nose-town. Although large cities such as Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe are included in the ninety-minute area, this value amount is quite large sum of amount for the traditional agricultural landscape that is not turned into the sightseeing resort. An increasing number of local governments and organizations have carried out the policies and activities to preserve the endangered Japanese traditional agricultural landscape such as terranced rice paddy fields. This evaluation results support the idea that these policies and activities are worth carrying out.
In this study, to specify how large a range of beneficiaries is, we expanded the target of the CVM survey to the ninety-minute area. Consequently, we clarified the relationship between access time and WTP. That is to say according as the access time to the environmental goods increases WTP decreases. As we have illustrated the relationship with a figure, which shows the relationship between the access time and WTP, we obtain some knowledge about the range of beneficiaries. The knowledge gives us useful information to design CVM survey.
In this CVM survey, we applied double-bounded dichotomous choice to supplement disadvantage of singlebounded dichotomous choice, a shortage of information provided to respondents. As a result, we could clarify an effect that the rate of yes-saying at the highest offer value showed relatively low level in comparison with single-bounded dichotomous choice.

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The purpose of this paper is to measure positive and negative externalities which the farmland exert on inhabitants in Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture by the use of the contingent valuation method with payment cards.
I estimated the bid equations for the positive and negative externalities by using grouped data regression model, which was known as a more effective estimation method when dependent variable was grouped datum. Considering that bids are non-negative, I estimated simultaneously behavior equations for paying and accepting compensation. Moreover, 1 tested distributional assumptions of the error term such as heteroscedasticity to find more appropriate specification.
As a result, I found that WTP (willingness to pay) for the social benefit and WTA (willingness to accept compensation) for the social cost were 1691 yen and 895 yen a year on average, respectively. And WTP for the net benefit, which was the difference between them, was 796 yen. Also I concluded that this estimated monetary value might be increased in large by PR activities of the social benefit for inhabitants and the farmers'efforts to conserve the environment.
From the analysis of this paper it was clarified that the total monetary value of social net benefit of farmland in Itami City was about 50, 000, 000 yen, which was derived from multipling 796 yen by the number of nonagricultural households in Itami City. Finally, because this value was more than an annual expenditure for agriculture of the local government of Itami City, I concluded that the social benefit of farmland in Itami City was large significantly.

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Ordinarily, when we divide a whole region into some homegenious subregions, cluster analysis is often used. But, by the application of the ordinary cluster analysis, such a division that unit districts belonging to a cluster form a subregion which is composed of only one locational block cannot be realized. According to the object of the division, there are divisions which have to satisfy such a condition. Then, in this paper, the author tried to devise such a dividing method that satisfies the condition by the application of the cluster analysis, and applied the method to the division of the all 98 municipalities in San-in region from a standpoint of agricultural homegeneity.
In order to satisfy the condition, it become necessary to judge whether any two clusters are neighboring to each other or not. Then, in this paper, the judegement was accomplished based on whether any two unit districts which belong to different clusters to each other are neighboring or not. Only the pairs of two clusters whose unit districts satisfy this criterion become subjects of the fusion at each fusing stage of the clusters. Other fusing processes are the same with those of the ordinary cluster analysis. By the application of the method, the author divided the above 98 municipalities into 15 groups (clusters) which satisfy the condition.
The author also presented the method in the case that there are differences in the degree of the contiguities between any two unit districts. In this case, two ranks of the degree were set up.
The method which is devised in this paper is important and effective if unit districts belonging to a cluster have to form a subregion which is composed of only one locational block. Moreover, the method has a capability that we can add other various conditions for the fusion. But, the establishment of the conditions means that strict conditions are imposed on the fusing process. Then, we have to be careful that more subregions are necessary if we need similarity among unit districts belonging to a subregion as much as that in the case of the ordinary cluster analysis.

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With the aging of society, allotment gardens for aged are expected to play an important role as leisure facilities. This study seeks to clarify the state of the user radius and attitudes of users of allotment gardens in the city of Gifu, Japan. The results are summarized as follow:
1) The average distance from users homes to the gardens (“user radius”) was 1, 280 meters, although there was wide variance ranging from a minimum of 316m to a maximum of 2, 322m. Of the 19 gardens surveyed here, a slight majority of 10 had a user radius of 1, 000 meters or less.
2) There was a significant negative correlation found between the user radius and residential density within 1km of the gardens.
3) An investigation of garden location showed because there are no allotment gardens in the city center, there was an expansive user radius. This indicates the necessity to develop allotment gardens on a planned basis.
4) At least 90% of users continued to use gardens. They expressed a high level of satisfaction with the gardens, and were strongly inclined to continue to use them in the future.
5) The distance to a garden had an enormous effect on frequency of use and time spent per visit.
6) There was a negative correlation between users' assessments of distance and the user radius of a garden.
7) When users lived within 1km of their garden, their assessments were high, but beyond 1, 500 meters, they tended to decline dramatically.

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