This study focuses on Luliang Prefecture in Shanxi Province in north west China where the economy remains underdeveloped and where poverty is widespread and is the one of eighteen main backward regions that appointed by Chinese Government. The purpose of this paper is to make clear about the situation of poverty and its improving problems in Luliang Prefecture by the way of poverty measure.
Firstly, the writer reviewed literatures for this field and then revised J. Foster's poverty measure index to be applicatable to case of China.
Secondly, a poverty line is estimated firstly, based on “conception of basic needs”, and then, a detailed description about poverty of Luliang prefecture has been made by the poverty index expressed by these three indices: poor headacount ratio [P_{( - )}], poverty-gap ratio [P_(a-1)], and poorer's situation index [P_(a-2)].
The results of poverty measure show that poverty index had decreased from the beginning of 80's to middle 80's, and it is increased again after 1988 by the effective of macro-economic adjustment. The backward areas' economic development project has had some effects on poverty alleviation, but many lower levels poor households trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty still and will need some special protection because the aids can't reaching on them.

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This paper is a part of study on the residential distribution of employees, which attempt to make clear the employment effect on population distributionchange. In this paper, we attempted to make clear the preference structure on housing location choice of employees, as the case study in Samarinda Municipality, the Republic of Indonesia.
To get the samples, we selected 29 establishments in Samarinda Municipality, and we inquired to the employees about the experience of residential move after employed, the location of new housing lot and socio-economical attribute by questionnaire. The total number of samples became 272.
As the analytical method, we applied multinomial logit modeleq. (1) which adopted “the location of new housing lot” as the dependent variable and also “the geographical attributes which might influence the preference of residential location choice” as the explanatory variables.
(1)
(2)
P : the probability that zone i will be selected by individual n as the new housing lot X : the k-th attribute of zome i for individual n β : parameter fork-th explanatory valiables
The study area was divided to 32 zones (i=1 to 32) according to the administrative boundary. We adopted 8 variables as explanatory variable of eq. (1), which were commuting distance, CBD distance, former address distance and so on.
The results are concluded as follows.
1. From the calibration of multinomial logit model, the preference structure of housing location was formulated. It showed that commuting distance, CBD distance, former address distance were main factors for preference ofresidential location. And it indicated that the location where closed to work place and former address and also apart from CBD was preferred.
2. From the result of principal component analysis on the parameters calibrated by multinomial logit model, the characteristics of the residential preferences which related to work place location, former address and ownership of new house were made clear.
3. From this study, the significant relationship between the preference of residentioal location and individual characteristics of employees wes not founded.
4. From the simulations, the relationship between location of establishment and population distribution change was visually understood.

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In suburban area, the transfer of agricultural land ownership beyond border of municipality often occure. So some rate of agricultural land belongs to the owner living outside of agricultural land's municipality. This paper call that case “Outside Landowner”. The purpose of this paper is to compare the difference of Outside Landowner's landuse change from local landuse change and discuss what is the cause of Outside landowner's landuse difference. Survey area is Soka city, north of Tokyo.
The results are these.
1) The reducing rate of Outside Landowner's agricultural land is low from the rate of local agricultural land.
2) The Outside Landowner living in neighbor municipality, the rate of agricultural landuse is high. This rate becomes low where Outside Landowner lives further from Soka city.
3) The Outside Landowner's land distributes near the border of municipality
4) The landuse change from agricultural land to informal non-agricultural use tends to occure when area is small and neighbor landuse is nonagricultural landuse.

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Since the late 19th century, some elements in British society have been argued that the state has a responsibility for providing environmental benefits and amenity. Since the second world war, the state itself has accepted a duty in this area. It has been recognised that the government action may be needed to compensate for the failure of the market to provide acceptable environmental standards, especially where the public goods are concerned.
However, after 1979 successive conservative party's administrations have sought to return this duty to the private sector, both because of their underlying economic philosophy and because of the budgetary restraint. That is to say, if a demand for environmental goods exists, the market should supply it.
This article looks at the activity of one environmental organization, the Groundwork trust, under this policy regime from the viewpoint of finance. Because the state support has been available on a reducing basis : the Groundwork trust being expected to be fully independent of the state grants within five years. Therefore the Groundwork trust should be evaluated in terms of the finance.
I have chosen the Blackburn Groundwork trust, one of the Groundwork in the U. K., which reveals some of the weakness and contradictions in the aim the Groundwork trust's activity. A positive feature is that the trust has been forced to develop closer links with the local community, including the local government authority and the local business. But since the trust works mainly in the derelict areas, it has had difficulty raising the funds. Indeed such areas are, by definition, poor and deprived. This could mean that it migth be difficult for the Groundwork trust to be fully independent of the state grants. The withdrawal of these funds means that the trust can not allocate money to the areas where the environmental regeneration is required. This article concludes that although there is much of interest to learn from the Groundwork trust, some fundamental issues including the proper role of the state in supporting the initiative, the Groundwork trust, remain unsolved.

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