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Volume 47 (2001)
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- Issue 5 Pages 323-
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- Issue 2 Pages 91-
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Volume 47, Issue 2
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Miho UDAGAWA, Takeshi MURAI2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 91-95
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe contents of vitamin K in the plasma and tissues (kidney, liver and gonad) of mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus fed diets supplemented with different vitamin K groups were determined. The vitamin K mainly detected in the gastrointestinal tract of each experi-mental group was the one supplemented in the respective diet, and all other forms of vita-min K were observed at low concentrations. This implies that the main vitamin K source for mummichog is their food. Further evidence that the main vitamin K source is the food is that the elevation of vitamin K concentrations in the plasma and other tissues in this experi-ment was brought about by vitamin K added to the feed. The phylloquinone-rich diet raised the phylloquinone concentration in the plasma and the tissues much higher than the diets supplemented with short and/or long chain menaquinones. This indicates that phylloqui-none is more easily accumulated into the body of fish than the menaquinone homologues. There were apparent differences in absorption and deposition of vitamin K between females and males. This may be a factor in the high mortality in male mummichog during the spawning season but further clarification of the causes of the mortality is required.View full abstractDownload PDF (1007K) -
Kenji AISO, Masato NAGASUE, Tomoko NOZAKI, Minoru SHIMODA, Eiichi KOKU ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 96-101
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) for folic acid (PteGlu) was eval-uated in pigs by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results were compared with those of rats. Since bile secretion of reduced folates reflects the activity of DHFR for PteGlu in the body, the bile secretion rates of reduced folates including tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlu), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, after the intravenous injection of PteGlu at 1 mg/kg body weight to pigs and rats. Although the PteGlu injection raised the total secretion rate of reduced folates, the total in-creased amount of reduced folates secreted into bile from 0 h to 2.5 h after PteGlu injection in pigs was about one-tenth of that in rats. The enzyme kinetics of DHFR for PteGlu was ex-amined at the physiological condition (pH 7.4 and 3 7°C). Affinity chromatography was ap-plied to liver homogenates of pigs and rats to obtain DHFR. The final product of the enzyme reaction, H4PteGlu, was measured. The Km for pig enzyme was similar to that for rat en-zyme, whereas the Vmax for the pig enzyme was less than 1/5 of that for the rat's. The com-parison of the ratio of Vmax to Km between pig and rat enzymes suggests that PteGlu is a much less efficient substrate for pig liver DHFR. In short, these results from in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that the role of DHFR for PteGlu in pigs is physiologically much less important than that in rats.View full abstractDownload PDF (1454K) -
Chikako KIYOSE, Hisako SAITO, Tadahiko UEDA, Osamu IGARASHI2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 102-107
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe established a method to determine simultaneously α-and γ-tocopherol (-Toc) and their quinones (α-TQ and p-γ-TQ) in biological samples by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Tocs had a shorter retention time than TOs, and α-forms had a shorter retention times than γ-forms. Four peaks of Tocs and TQs were completely separated by this method. Subsequently, we investigated the distribution of α-, γ-Toc and To in rat tissues and the excretion of Tocs and Tos in rat bile by the above HPLC method. Rats deficient in vitamin E were divided into two groups, γ-Toc group and α+ γ-Toc group, and tissues were collected at 6 and 24 h after intravenous administration of Tocs. Also, bile collection was started immediately and performed at 3 h intervals during 24 h after intravenous administration. The concentration of α-and γ-Toc and their quinones in plasma, tissues and bile were determined by this method. γ-Toc concentration in the liver of α+ γ-Toc group was higher than that of γ-Toc group. However, p-γ-TQ in the liver was not significantly different between α+γ-Toc group and γ-Toc group. Also, both α-TO and p-γ-TQ were present in very low concentrations in all tissues. Therefore, we suggested that the distribution of γ-Toc is affected by a-Toc present in vivo, but the oxidative production of p-γ-TQ from γ-Toc is not affected.View full abstractDownload PDF (1174K) -
Maya KAMAO, Syuichiro TATEMATSU, G Satyanarayana REDDY, Susumi HATAKEY ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 108-115
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe recently identified 1α, 25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3 [1 α, 25(OH)2-3-epi-D3] as a metabolite of 1 α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α, 25(OH)2D3] produced in rat osteosarcoma cells (UMR 106). We now report the isolation of 24R, 25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3 [24R, 25 (OH)2-3-epi-D3] as a metabolite of 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R, 25(OH)2D3] by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with chiral column and its structure assignment by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. We also demonstrated the production of 24R, 25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 in two other cell lines [human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) and porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1)] which were previously shown to convert 1 α, 25(OH)2D3 into 1 α, 25 (OH)2-3-epi-D3. It can be seen that the production of 24R, 25 (OH)2-3-epi-D3 from 24R, 25(OH)2D3 is lower than that of 1 α, 25 (OH)2-3-epi-D3 from 1α, 25(OH)2D3 in all the cells studied. 24R, 25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 was found to be inactive in terms of its ability to bind to the vitamin D receptor (UDR), in inhibiting proliferation and in inducing differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Thus, our study indicates that the C-3 epimerization pathway is common to both lα, 25(OH)2D3 and 24R, 25(OH)2D3 and may play an important role in modulating the concentration and the biological activity of these two major vitamin D3 metabolites in target tissues.View full abstractDownload PDF (2022K) -
Mitsuko OKADA, Hiroaki GODA, Yoshiko KONDO, Yoko MURAKAMI, Mayumi SHIB ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 116-121
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of exercise on vitamin B6 metabolism and PLP-dependent enzymes was studied in rats fed a diet with or without vitamin B6. Metabolism of some amino acids (citrulline, arginine, ornithine and threonine) inhibited in the B6-deficient rats was normal-ized during exercise. Exercise was also effective in storing vitamin B6 in the body by lowering excretion of vitamin B6, when intake of vitamin B6 was restricted. Aspartatae aminotrans-ferase activity was higher in the red portion of the gastrocnemius muscle than that of the white one, whereas glycogen phosphorylase activity was vice versa and furthermore glyco-gen content in the white portion was very low in the vitamin B6-deficient rat. From the data obtained, it has been suggested that the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle seemed to be more important in metabolizing amino acids and hydrolyze glycogen, respec-tively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1343K) -
Takao KITANO, Naoko KITANO, Takeaki INOMOTO, Makoto FUTATSUKA2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 122-125
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe compared three methods for evaluating body composition: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfold thickness (Skinfolds), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Subjects were 155 healthy young college-aged Japanese females whose mean±SD (range) age, body height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) were 20.1±0.3 (19.6-21.1) y, 158.9±4.7 (145.4-172.6) cm, 52.0±6.8 (39.4-84.6) kg and 20.6±2.3 (16.5-32.5 ), respectively. Their mean skinfold thickness at the triceps and subscapular were 16.9±4.7 (8.0-31.0) and 16.0±5.7 (7.0-40.0) mm, respectively. Mean body fat mass percentages evaluated by DXA, Skinfolds and BIA were 29.6±5.1, 22.8±5, 3 and 25.8±4.7%, respectively. Body fat mass was 15.4±4.4, 12.1±4.5 and 13.6±4.5 kg, respectively. Simple correlation coefficients between the three methods for body fat mass percentages provided the following coefficients: r=0.741 for DXA vs. Skinfolds, r=0.792 for DXA vs. BIA and r=0.781 for Skinfolds vs. BIA. Simple correlation coefficients for body fat mass were as follows; r=0.898 for DXA vs. Skinfolds, r=0.927 for DXA vs. BIA and r=0.910 for Skinfolds vs. BIA (all p<0.001). There were significant differences in the values among the three methods with the Skinfolds providing the lowest body fat mass and percentage, and DXA the highest (p<0.001). They all appear to be strongly correlated for evaluating body composition; however, different cut-off values for defining obese and lean need to be defined for each method.View full abstractDownload PDF (954K) -
Yuka KISHIMOTO, Shigeru WAKABAYASHI, Isao MATSUDA, Hiroaki FUDABA, Kaz ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 126-131
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe developed a branched corn syrup (BCS, average molecular weight: 500, content of indigestible portion: 45%) by heat treatment of indigestible dextrin with hy-drochloric acid. To confirm the safety of BCS, we conducted both an acute toxicity test and a mutagenicity test. Moreover, we observed gastroenteric effects of BCS in fifty healthy hu-mans. The results are summarized as follows. l) There was no death observed after oral ad-ministration of BCS in Sprague-Dawley-strain rats. Lethal dose (LD)50 value was estimated to be more than 10 g/kg body weight. 2) No mutagenicity was observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, or Escherichia coli WP2uvrA. 3) Fifty adults were divided into five groups of ten (five of each sex) and orally administered BCS at 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g/kg body weight as indigestible portion. Although no diarrhea was ob-served in females, BCS at 0.6 g/kg as indigestible portion caused diarrhea in two out of five males. The maximum non-effective dose of indigestible portion of BCS was estimated to be 0.5 g/kg in males and more than 0.6 g/kg in females.View full abstractDownload PDF (1326K) -
Teruyoshi SAKAMOTO, Shigeko FUJIMOTOSAKATA, Koichi MATSUDA, Yoko HORIK ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 132-138
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA cDNA encoding β-ureidopropionase (BUP) Was isolated from a human liver cDNA library, expressed in E. coil, and purified from the culture extract. The 2, 006 by cDNA contained a 1, 152 by open reading frame encoding a protein of 384 amino acids with a mo-lecular weight of 43, 165 Da. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme expressed was about 43, 000 Da. The enzyme was inhibited by 1 mM propionate, but not by 10 mite β-ala-nine. Chemical analysis of the purified human BUP showed 0.54 zinc atoms per subunit, and the sequence of BUP cDNA contained one putative zinc-binding site motif. The purified enzyme had a pI of 565, and exhibited positive cooperativity with N-carbamoyl-β-alanine as the substrate with a Hill coefficient 2.0. These properties of human BUP, except the inhi-bition by β-alanine, were similar to the rat liver purified enzyme. β-Alanine inhibits rats BUP activity. The complex regulatory function and the negative cooperative mechanism of BUP by β-alanine have been observed in rats. This kind of mechanism may not exist in hu-mans, because β-alanine did not inhibit human BUP.View full abstractDownload PDF (2785K) -
Sungpil RYU, Sung-Keun CHOI, Seung-Sam JOUNG, Heajung SUH, Youn-Soo CH ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 139-146
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCaffeine is one of the famous ergogenic aids in the athletic field. Caffeine has been known to stimulate lipolysis that spares stored glycogen utilization during moderate intensity exercise. Therefore, we investigated the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance in rats and athletes. Rats were administered the caffeine (6 mg/kg) 1 h prior to the exercise then were run on a treadmill at a speed of 20 m/min. They were decapitated at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min of exercise, and exhausted time point. Human subjects ingested the caffeine (5 mg/kg) 1 h prior to the exercise. They exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60% of their VO2max for 45 min, and then the exercise intensity was increased to 80% of their VO2max until exhaustion. Mood and breathing gas samples were collected and calculated every 10 min during exercise. Respiratory exchange ratio of the caffeine trial was significantly lower than that of the placebo trial in the athletes' study (p<0.05). Blood free fatty acid (FFA) levels in studies of both rats and athletes were increased by caffeine ingestion during exercise (p<0.05). Blood lactate levels were also increased during exercise in both rats and athletes (p<0.05). Increased FFA and glycerol concentrations reduced glycogen utilization during exercise compared with placebo group in rats. In addition, endurance time to exhaustion was significantly increased by the caffeine ingestion in both rats and athletes (p<0.05). These results suggest that the caffeine ingestion enhanced endurance per-formance resulting from spare stored glycogen with increasing lipolysis from adipose tissues and fat oxidation during exercise both in rats and in athletes.View full abstractDownload PDF (1645K) -
Thi Minh Hanh TRAN, Tatsushi KOMATSU, Thi Kim Hung NGUYEN, Van Chuyen ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 147-155
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Vietnam, information about blood pressure, serum lipids and their factors is limited. To obtain some of this information, a cross sectional nutrition survey was carried out in an urban and rural area of Ho Chi Minh City with 217 participants aged 60-69 y (148 females and 69 males). Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured. For three consecutive weekdays, 24 h dietary recalls were performed. Single 24 h urine was collected for sodium and potassium analysis. A fasting blood sample was taken and biochemical pa-rameters were measured. Results indicate a high percentage of hypertension in urban (fe-male: 35.5%, male: 43.8%) and rural areas (female: 22.2%, male: 35, 1%). Blood pressure was correlated with body mass index (BMI) and 24 h urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio. A high prevalence of serum total cholesterol (TC) above 220 mg/dL (female: 55.3%, male: 31.3%) and overweight (female: 34.2%, male: 25.0%) were observed in urban resi-dents. By contrast, 5.6% and 24.3% of rural females and males respectively had TC below 150 mg/dL and both genders had the same prevalence of underweight (32.4%). TC was positively correlated with body weight, BMI, dietary protein and dietary lipids. Overweight might be a major risk factor for hypertension in our urban elderly. A high Na/K intake ratio might be a risk factor for hypertension in both areas. The high prevalence of elevated TC in the urban area might to be related to the high lipid intake, and the high prevalence of low TC in the rural area might to be related to the low lipid intake.View full abstractDownload PDF (2009K) -
Kazushige SASAMOTO, Kunihiro NISHIMUTA, Keiko YASUMATSU, Yuzo NINOMIYA2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 156-160
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTaste stimulation of the mouth induces various oral movements. Sucrose or salt solution induces rhythmical jaw movements (RJM) or tongue protrusion as an ingestive behavior. Bitter taste induces a gaping or tongue retraction as an aversive behavior. There is no report that describes the precise pattern of jaw movements induced by taste stimulation. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the pattern of the taste-induced RJM with elec-tromyographic activities of the masticatory muscles in the anesthetized rat. When water was injected into the mouth of the rat, an RJM was induced. In this type of RJM, the lower jaw swung right and left side in each open-close cycle alternately. The anterior digastric muscle was active in every opening phase, while activities of the jaw closing muscles were generally weak. The RJM induced by water was opening-dominant movements. Sucrose or salt solution induced a similar pattern of RJM to water-induced RJM. When acetic acid was injected, amplitude of the alternate lateral jaw movement was significantly larger than that in the water-induced RJM. The activity of the superficial temporalis muscle was large in those closing phases with ipsilateral side movement, while it was small in the closing phases with contralateral movement. The pattern of quinine-induced RIM was characterized by small lateral, large open-close and large antero-posterior movements. Tastes which are re-ported to induce ingestive behavior such as sweet or salty don't alter the pattern of RJM; however, the tastes which induce aversive behavior make the pattern of RJM different from the water-induced RJM.View full abstractDownload PDF (1165K) -
Kiyohito NAKASHIMA, Hideo KATSUKAWA, Kazushige SASAMOTO, Yuzo NINOMIYA2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 161-166
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMonosodium L-glutamate (MSG) and 5'-ribonucleotides elicit umami taste in humans and probably in some species of animals. Previous studies suggest that taste-mGluR4 and NMDA receptor may be involved in taste transduction for umami, but behav-ioral responses in rats do not support the involvement of NMDA receptor. In the present study, behavioral similarities and differences among MSG, mGluR4 agonist L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4), and NMDA receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were compared in C57BL mice by using a conditioned taste aversion paradigm. Mice condi-tioned to avoid either MSG or 10 mM L-AP4 appeared to avoid MSG, disodium 5'-inosinate (IMP), a mixture of MSG and IMP, and L-AP4, but not NMDA. Aversive conditioning to ei-ther sucrose or NMDA was generalized only to a mixture of MSG +IMP or NaCI. However, aversive conditioning to L-AP4 at 1 mM was generalized to NMDA and the umami sub-stances. Lick rates for L-AP4 increased by mixing with (RS)-a-cycloprophy-4-phospho-nophenylglycine (mGluR4 antagonist) when animals were conditioned to avoid MSG or L-AP4. Lick rates for NMDA also either decreased or increased by mixing with glycine (NMDA receptor coagonist) or D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (NMDA receptor antago-nist) when animals were conditioned to avoid L-AP4 or NMDA. In sucrose-conditioned mice, gurmarin (a sweet inhibiting peptide) suppressed the avoidance of sucrose and a mix-ture of MSG and IMP, but not L-AP4 and NMDA. The results suggest the possibility that to C5 7PL mice MSG may taste similar to L-AP4 but different from NMDA, although both types of glutamate receptors as well as gurmarin-sensitive sweet receptor may be involved in per-ception of umami taste.View full abstractDownload PDF (1672K) -
Hiroe KIKUZAKI, Yayoi KAWAI, Nobuji NAKATANI2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 167-171
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConstituents of the fruits of greater cardamom (Amomum subulatum) Were fractionated into three fractions, the dichloromethane extract, and the ethyl acetate-soluble and water-soluble fractions of the 70% aqueous acetone extract. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed a high radical-scavenging activity against 1, 1-Biphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Four compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, and their structures were ascribed to protocatechualdehyde (1), protocatechuic acid (2), 1, 7-bis(3, 4dihydroxyphenyl)hepta-4E, 6E-dien-3-one (3) and 2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-5-(3, 4-dihydroxy-Estyryl)-6, 7, 8, 9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptene (4) on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. This is the first isolation of these compounds from greater cardamom. In particular, 4 was a new type of cyclic diarylheptanoid. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of these compounds was measured by colorimetric analysis. Compounds 1 and 3 showed stronger activity than such natural antioxidants as a-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid. Compounds 2 and 4 were comparable to α-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid.View full abstractDownload PDF (1174K) -
Yuji OHASHI, Ryo INOUE, Kenichi TANAKA, Takahiro MATSUKI, Yoshinori UM ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 172-176
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of a probiotic, i.e. fermented milk prepared with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, on indigenous Lactobacilli in the pig large intestine. This fermented milk was given as a probiotic to experimental pigs for 2 weeks. The fecal organic acid concentration increased with the fermented milk; acetate and propionate increased significantly (p<0.05). At the same time, lactate and butyrate tended to increase. The fecal pH was significantly reduced by the fermented milk (p<0.05). Although the number of bacteria of strain Shirota in the intestinal contents was much smaller than those of indigenous Lactobacilli, 104 vs 108 (cfu/g), the numbers of indigenous Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the pig intestine appeared to increase with the fermented milk, In addition, the phenotypic diversity (phenotypic group numbers) of indigenous Lactobacilli increased from 3 to 8 with the fermented milk supplementation. Thus the fer-mented milk affected the indigenous Lactobacillus population and constitution.View full abstractDownload PDF (1226K) -
Tsutomu FUKUWATARI, Katsumi SHIBATA, Kengo ISHIHARA, Tohru FUSHIKI, Et ...2001 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 177-179
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe previously reported that the blood NAD levels are decreased by severe ex-ercise, and administration of nicotinamide, a precursor of NAD, improves the endurance ca-pacity of mice. In the present study, we determined whether moderate exercise changes the blood NAD levels in humans and mice. College female students exercised moderately with bike-ergometers. The blood NAD levels elevated after moderate exercise. Mice were forced to swim in a running water pool for 5 min as a moderate exercise, 15 min as a strong exercise, and until exhaustion as a severe exercise (average swimming time was 28.7 min). A 5 min swim gave a result similar to that of moderate exercise by human subjects. However, the blood NAD levels decreased after all-out exercise. The changes in whole blood tryptophan (a precursor of pyridine nucleotides) levels were similar to that in NAD. The glucose levels in whole blood and the non-esterified fatty acid levels in serum decreased according to exercis-ing time. These data are the first demonstration of moderate exercise raising the blood NAD levels in human and mice. Elevation of the blood NAD levels may reflect changes in niacin metabolism that occur in response to exercise.View full abstractDownload PDF (730K)
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