Direct sample introduction from a graphite cup into an inductively coupled plasma is described for the determination of lead, tin and bismuth in solution samples.
In order to correct background variation caused by rapid insertion of the graphite cup, an echelle spectrometer was used with a wavelength-modulation mode. Optimization of the cup shape and operating conditions was performed for improvement of sensitivity and precision and for reduction of interferences.
Detection limits were improved by 110-150 times compared to those for a conventional nebulizer method and relative standard deviations at 70 times of the detection limits were approximately 2%.
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