本稿では，サービス付き高齢者向け住宅の入居者8名へのインタビュー調査から，人々が高齢者像や世代間関係における規範を参照しながら，自らの入居選択を納得性の高いものとして説明していく局面に焦点をあて，おもに「自立」意識が果たす役割について考察した．語りのなかでは「従来の規範」が否定されるとともに，「子どもに迷惑をかけない」「子どもは拠り所」という一見相反する規範が共存し，いずれも入居選択を前向きに位置づけていた．「迷惑をかけない」という言い回しは自己の決定を正当化すると同時に，子どもからのサポートへの期待を含み，「迷惑」は文脈にあわせて読みかえられていた．他方，「子どもが拠り所」とする規範は，ときに世代間関係やアイデンティティの再編を要請していた．人々はこうした言説上の「戦略」によって，自己の一貫性を保持しつつ「自立」意識と現状の調整を行い，自らの選択を積極的に支えていたといえる．

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本稿では，結婚が職業キャリア形成，とりわけ無業への移動と管理職への移動に与える影響について，男女を比較しながら明らかにする．本稿の特徴は，ライフコース論の視座から，結婚の効果が時間により変わると想定し，セレクションと効果の変化に着目して分析する点にある．2005年SSM調査を用いたイベントヒストリー分析により，以下の点を明らかにした．無業への移動に関して，結婚の効果は結婚の直後から現れ，男性の移動を起こりにくく，女性の移動を起こりやすくする．ただし男性における効果の多くは結婚へのセレクションによるものである．管理職への移動に関して，結婚の効果は結婚から数年間を経てから顕在化し，男性の移動を起こりやすく，女性の移動を起こりにくくする．以上見られた男女で非対称な結婚の効果は，結婚による夫婦間の性別役割分業と，その蓄積の結果として生じる人的資本の格差によって生じているものと見られる．

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本研究では，日本における学歴同類婚の世代間連鎖とその趨勢を検討する．類似した社会的特徴を持つカップルが結婚する同類婚という傾向の中でも，学歴同類婚は開放性指標に加え，不平等拡大に寄与する要因としても注目されている．既存の研究は一世代に限定したときの同類婚に注目していたが，結婚パターンにも世代間の同質性の効果があるという指摘を踏まえ，本研究は世代間関係に着目した上でも，学歴同類婚の傾向が見られるかを時系列的に検討する．複数の社会調査データを統合した計量分析から以下が明らかとなった．第一に，親世代の学歴結合の同質性は子ども世代の同質性と関連を持つ．第二に，学歴同類婚の連鎖はいったん減少し，近年のコーホートで再び増加している．第三に，ログリニアモデルの分析から，周辺度数を考慮したうえでも，同類婚の連鎖は近年強化されている傾向が示され，その要因は中・高学歴の同類婚連鎖の連関が強まったことに求められる．

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「成年後見の社会化」が進んでいる．この15年で成年後見の担い手は親族から専門職へと大きく転換した．この社会化はいかにして達成されたのか．そして家族にはいかなる影響を及ぼしたのか．ケアの社会化の観点から「成年後見の社会化」はどう評価されるのか．本稿では，これらの問いに答えることを目的として，島根県でのインタビュー調査を実施した．
この結果，成年後見制度は民間企業や社会的機関の要請のもとで利用を拡大させてきたが，家裁が親族後見人を不正のリスクとして認識し，これに対処するために第三者後見人が求められ，さらには後見人としての適格性が財産管理者としての事務能力へと零落したことで，〈士業専門職化〉が起きたことを明らかにした．
その裏で社会化にともなう後見人との調整コスト，後見報酬，成年後見に還元されない責任等は，ふたたび家族が背負い込むことになった．成年後見もケアの社会化と同様に，家族の一定の負担を前提として実現したものだった．

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In recent years, the Japanese government has been championing the “active utilization” of women in various realms of society. However, framing this as an economic strategy has excluded a more multi-faceted and long-term consideration of the true well-being of each individual living in Japan. Crucial in this consideration is how individuals can, without constraint, choose both work and family life so as to live a balanced life with dignity, as exemplified by the practices in welfare-advanced countries in Europe.
In this session, we have invited experts on work-life balance in different realms from Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, where a greater degree of work-life balance is enjoyed than in Japan. We attempted to explore the direction Japan can take by learning from experiences and practices, as well as problems encountered, in these countries. Particular attention has been paid to the role of fathers, and more broadly, on gender equality in parenting.

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This essay is about the change in fathers’ roles in contemporary Germany and about how such a change can be fostered in order to achieve progress in work life balance, gender equality and child wellbeing. Examples of practice from work with fathers from the Berlin Fathers’ Centre are presented. Then, material from research & discourse on the Gender Equality/Gender Role development in Germany, focusing on the business world as well as on gender roles and division of work between fathers and mothers in the household, is discussed. The author suggests a shift towards a systemic view of gender/work balance analysis.
The main point of the essay is that fathers should be seen and addressed as an autonomous caregiver and attachment figure for his children. The essay concludes with suggestions for governmental and non-governmental policies and institutional/professional practices towards gender in general and fathers in particular.

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In this article, we assess the extent to which national-level work-family policies in the Netherlands enable various groups of working parents (men versus women, low versus highly educated, and dependent employees versus self-employed) to combine work and care. We answer this question by conducting a policy analysis using Sen’s (1992) capability framework. Applying this perspective, we evaluate the availability, accessibility and design of work-family policies in the Netherlands. Moreover, we consider the importance of collective agreements and the organizational context. Our analysis shows that current work-family policies and collective agreements in the Netherlands offer certain groups greater capabilities to reconcile work and care than others. Childcare policy offers less accessibility for the self-employed and flexible work arrangements enable women more than men to take on care tasks and work part-time. In addition, higher educated individuals have greater access to flexible work arrangements than lower-educated workers, but often use this flexibility to work more rather than reconcile work with care. Moreover, current care leave policies enforce rather than challenge existing socio-cultural norms, and alternatives to the one-and-a-half earner model remain limited.

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Among researchers and policymakers there is recognition that men’s involvement in care is essential for the work-life balance project. This article focuses on Sweden, a country that is profiled as the one of the most gender equal societies and which scores highest in indices of father friendly policies. The key question addressed is to what extent state policies for WLB, including parental leave, flexibility in work hours and reduced hours, engender a sense of entitlement for fathers to claim rights for WLB, considering which fathers and in which contexts. Using Sen’s capabilities framework, I argue throughout that understanding men’s agency for WLB requires a multi-level framework that looks from the state, to the firm and to the household levels as well as looking beyond the state to global processes and institutions. I conclude with a discussion of the unfinished/stalled revolution in gender equality in employment and care and the lessons to be learned from the Swedish case.

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This paper considered the challenges of promoting fathers’ participation in parenting in Japan by referring to cases in the following EU countries: Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Japan’s conspicuous feature concerning fatherhood is a wide gap between ideal images of fathers and their actual behavior. Cases in the EU countries imply that Japan might want to restructure the “male-breadwinner regime” and secure employment opportunities for women, along with eliminating inequality between full-timers and part-timers. Social awareness of “the right of flexibility for time and space,” rethinking gendered definitions of fatherhood and motherhood, and obligations and incentives through policy measures are also important. It has been urged that Japanese family sociology focus on the interrelationship between family and the labor market, social-class differences, and quality of life.

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