All issues
Predecessor
Volume 41, Issue 1
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Andrew A. ADJEI, Shigeru YAMAMOTO, Anil KULKARNI1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 1-16
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDietary sources of nucleic acids and/or their components, have not been considered essential for normal growth and development. However, growing evidence shows that the compounds regulate various steps of the immune system and demonstrate the neccessity of the com-pounds in the response to immunological challenge. The significance of exogenously administered purine or pyrimidine bases, nucleotides, and nucleosides in the immune response is reviewed.View full abstractDownload PDF (2596K) -
Emiko SUZUKI, Tadao KURATA, Mamoru TOMITA, Nobuhiko ARAKAWA1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 17-24
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe vitamin C activity of erythorbic acid (ErA) in ascorbic acid (AsA)-deficient guinea pigs was evaluated. The guinea pigs depleted AsA for 16 days were divided into two groups: one group (control group) was supplemented with 1, 5, or 100 mg/day AsA and the other group (experimental group) was supplemented with 1, 5, 20, or 100 mg/day ErA for 4 days. The contents of AsA and ErA in the tissues of guinea pigs were determined by using HPLC, and the activities of liver aniline hydroxylase, of serum alkaline phosphatase and the content of liver cytochrome P-450 were measured. The AsA tissue content of AsA-supplemented guinea pigs was much higher than the ErA tissue content of ErA-supplemented ones, and also, the activities of liver aniline hydroxy-lase, of serum alkaline phosphatase and the content of liver cytochrome P-450 of AsA-supplemented animals were much higher than those of ErA-supplemented animals, even when the supplemented amount of ErA was equal to that of AsA. Based on these results, the vitamin C activity of ErA seems to be much lower than that of AsA in the AsA-deficient guinea pigs. This suggested that the apparent vitamin C activity of ErA was dependent on the AsA tissue levels of guinea pigs.View full abstractDownload PDF (903K) -
Masaharu TOKUDA, Masaaki TAKEUCHI1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 25-32
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were kept on diets containing three different α-tocopherol levels (0, 10, and 1, 000 mgt 100g diet) to investigate the effects of excess doses of α-tocopherol on the liver lipids and liver functions. Both the content of the lipids except α-tocopherol in the liver and the triglyceride ratio in total lipids were significantly increased by the diets containing 1, 000mg of α-tocopherol per 100g of diet. Many lipid droplets, 5-20μm in the diameter, were observed in the liver. The TBARS per milligrams of liver lipids was decreased by 1, 000-mg doses of α-tocopherol. GOT and GPT activity in serum were in the normal range regardless of the dose of α-tocopherol. From these data, it is considered that excess α-tocopherol promotes lipid accumulation enough to form droplets in the liver tissue, although liver function is not impaired.View full abstractDownload PDF (1680K) -
Keizo UMEGAKI, Saishi HIROTA, Mari AOSHIMA, Shigeshi AOKI, Takatoshi E ...1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 33-42
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of palm oil carotene treatment on X-ray-induced chromosomal damage in bone marrow cells of mice was studied. Palm oil carotene contains α- and β-carotene in a ratio of 1: 3. Mice were fed either a basal diet or carotene diet containing 50 mg of palm oil carotene/100g for 15 days. On day 13, mice to be X-ray-irradiated received 0.5 Gy of X-ray to their whole bodies, and the chromosomal damage in bone marrow cells was evaluated in terms of the percentages of micronucleated reticulocytes in their peripheral blood on day 15. The chromosomal damage in the X-ray irradiated mice was 10 times higher than that in the unirradiated mice. The feeding of the carotene diet did not prevent the X-ray-induced chromosomal damage. In the bone marrow cells of mice fed the carotene diet, α- and β-carotene were detected, but the concentration of the carotenes was less than one-hundredth of that of vitamin E. In addition, the feeding of carotene diet markedly reduced the concentration of vitamin E in bone marrow cells and serum. The X-ray irradiation reduced the concentration of vitamin C in the bone marrow cells, but did not reduce that of vitamin E or carotene in the cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1110K) -
Mitsuko OKADA, Yuki AYABE1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 43-50
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of aminoguanidine (AG) on binding of glucose and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) to albumin, and on glycation reaction of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (CAST) were examined in an in vitro system. AG was found to inhibit not only glycation of albumin but binding of PLP to albumin, indicating that distribution of PLP into tissues is inhibited by AG. AG bound to PLP directly to produce a new compound, and in this manner AG inhibited cAST activity. AG could also inhibit glycation of CAST and the extent of inhibition was varied with sugars used. It appears that, although AG is a useful inhibitor of gly-cation proteins, it may be toxic from the viewpoints of vitamin P6 as an essential nutrient and also PLP-dependent enzymes.View full abstractDownload PDF (1170K) -
Masayuki KANDA, Kazuko HORI, Toshitsugu KUROTSU, Katsuko OHGISHI, Tomo ...1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 51-60
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe branched chain amino acid aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.42] was purified to a homogeneous state from a gramicidin S-producing strain of Bacillus brevis. The enzyme had a molecular weight of about 93, 000 and consisted of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of about 47, 000. One pyridoxal phosphate is bound per subunit. In addition to branched chain amino acids, the enzyme uses L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan as the amino donor, indicating that B. brevis branched chain amino acid aminotransferase has a broad substrate specificity for the amino donor. The enzyme utilized 2-oxoglutarate as the amino acceptor. The purified enzyme exhibits its absorption maxima at 332 and 427 nm at neutral pH.View full abstractDownload PDF (1129K) -
Sung-Hee CHO, Jung-Gyo IM, Young-Sun CHOI, Young-Sook SON, Myung-Hee C ...1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 61-72
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to investigate the protective role of vitamin E against the formations of lipid peroxides in plasma and tissues and of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in livers of rats fed fish oil. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. Three fish oil (F) groups were fed a menhaden fish oil and soybean oil (9:1) mixture as 10% (wt/wt) of their diet. These three groups (FO, Fl, and FII) were provided with ≤ 3, 45, and 209 IU of vitamin E/kg diet, respectively. The SI group was fed soybean oil with ≤45 IU of vitamin E/kg diet. The FO group had the highest levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma (per milligram lipid), and liver, lung, heart, and kidney. The FT group had higher levels of TBARS than the SI group in plasma and tissues except the lung. In liver, the TBARS levels of the FII group were also higher than those of SI group, but in other tissues, similar levels were observed in the FII and SI groups. Plasma level of vitamin E was lowest in FO group and vitamin E levels were generally lower in F groups than in SI group. These levels were expressed as vitamin E per milliliter of plasma. However, plasma E levels were similar when expressed per milli-gram plasma lipid. The liver 8-OHdG concentration tended to decrease as dietary vitamin E increased in the F groups, but there was no difference in the level of 8-OHdG between the Fl and SI groups. These results suggest that vitamin E should be supplemented in fish oil feeding to prevent the enhanced lipid peroxidation and the formation of 8-OHdG in the body.View full abstractDownload PDF (1477K) -
Yuka KISHIMOTO, Shigeru WAKABAYASHI, Hidetoshi TAKEDA1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 73-81
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo examine the effects of sodium propionate on serum cholesterol levels, rats were given sodium propionate intravenously and intraperitonealy. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were kept on a cholesterol-free semisynthetic diet for 2 weeks, fasted, and given 400μl of saline solution intravenously supplemented with 0.01-10 mg sodium pro-pionate. Three hours after injection of 1 mg of sodium propionate, the serum total-cholesterol level was significantly reduced (85.4±4.0 mg/dl) compared with its starting level (102±3.4 mg/dl), with the reducing effect lasting for 24 h. The intensity of the reduction increased proportionately with increased sodium propionate concentrations from 0, 01 to 1 mg. Next, to evaluate the influence of continual sodium propionate admini-stration on serum cholesterol levels, 6-week-old male rats were implanted with an osmotic pump intraperitonealy (ALZET R Model 2ML2, pumping rate: 5.0 μl/h; duration: 14 days; reservoir volume: 2, 000μl). At day 14, serum total-cholesterol levels were reduced by continual sodium pro-pionate administration at both 0.12 and 1.2 mg/day. The maximum percentage change in the serum total-cholesterol level was 78.5±6.7% of its starting level (111±7.1 mg/dl), observed at 1.2 mg/day at day 7. These results indicate that sodium propionate can reduce serum total-cholesterol levels in vivo.View full abstractDownload PDF (1051K) -
Shuichi YANAHIRA, Minoru MORITA, Seiichiro AOE, Toshiaki SUGURI, Ichir ...1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 83-94
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLactitol-oligosaccharide (LO) was prepared from lactitol by a transgalactosylation reaction catalyzed by Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. The utilization of LO by human intestinal bacteria, the digestion of LO by rat jejunum mucosal homogenates and the effects of LO on the intestinal microflora in rats were compared with those of lactitol. 1) LO was utilized in vitro by Bifidobacterium, but lactitol was not utilized. 2) Neither LO nor lactitol were digested by rat jejunum mucosal homogenates. 3) A significant increase in the fecal counts of Bifidobacterium was observed in the LO diets. 4) The concentration of organic acids in feces and cecal contents significantly increased in the LO diets. 5) The concentration of fecal putrefactive products significantly decreased in the LO and lactitol diets. These findings suggest that LO is effective for improving intestinal conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1300K) -
Osamu CHONAN, Masaaki WATANUKI1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 95-104
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides (TOS), which are oligosaccharides that are unhydrolyzed in the small intestine and are fermented by the intestinal bacteria, on calcium absorption was examined in male Wistar rats for 10 days. The apparent calcium absorp-tion ratios and the apparent retention ratios were significantly higher in the rats fed TOS-containing diets (5 or 10 g/100 g of diet). In the second experiment, the cecum was ligated in situ and calcium absorption from the cecum was observed after injecting TOS into the cecal lumen. Four hours after the injection, the calcium concentration in the cecal vein of the rats given TOS was significantly higher than that of the control. The calcium content in the liquid phase of the cecal lumen and the liquid phase weight were also increased by the injection of TOS into the cecum. Although the extent of calcium absorption from the cecum of rats fed TOS is due to overall calcium absorption is not known, under the experimental condi-tions used in the present study the stimulatory effect of TOS on calcium absorption may be partly associated with increased solubility of calcium and the fluid content in the intestinal lumen.View full abstractDownload PDF (1259K) -
Chaivat TOSKULKAO, Monthaporn SUTHEERAWATANANON, Chaitip WANICHANON, P ...1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 105-113
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of stevioside and steviol (a product of enzy-matic hydrolysis of stevioside) on intestinal glucose absorption were examined in the hamster jejunum in vitro. By using the jejunal rings technique, we found that stevioside at a high dose of 5 mM had no inhibitory effect on glucose absorption. In contrast, glucose absorption was inhibited 43% by 1 mM steviol. The inhibition of glucose absorption by steviol was related to steviol concentration and incubation time. The inhibitory effect of steviol compared to phlorizin and ouabain was also investigated. Steviol, which caused a decrease in glucose accumulation in the intestinal ring tissues, possibly acts on the brush border membrane as does phlorizin. Furthermore, it was also found that steviol altered the morphology of the intestinal absorptive cells. These results suggest that the possible site of inhibitory action of steviol might be on the mucosal side and/or at the intracellular organelles of intestinal absorptive cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1634K) -
Satoru MORIGUCHI, Hitomi MIWA, Yasuo KISHINO1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 115-125
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of glutamine (Gln)-supplemented diet on mi-togen response decreased immediately after a treadmill exercise was examined by measuring the proliferations of peripheral blood lympho-cytes (PBL) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) in male Fisher rats. Although the plasma Gin concentration was significantly decreased in the control group immediately after a treadmill exercise (20 m/min, 60 min) compared to rested rats, plasma Gin concen-tration of rats fed Gln-supplemented diet for 3 weeks was significantly higher than that of control group in resting and was not significantly decreased even immediately after a treadmill exercise. In addition, proliferation of PBL with PHA or ConA and interleukin 2 (IL2) produc-tion were also significantly decreased immediately after a treadmill exer-cise in control group. On the contrary, their functions were almost maintained in Gin-supplemented group even immediately after a treadmill exercise. PBL from rats fed Gln-supplemented diet showed a higher response to mitogens such as PHA and ConA compared to the control group. Furthermore, their PBL showed higher incorporation of [3H]Gln compared to that of the control group irrespective of treadmill exercise. These results indicate that the preventive effect of Gln-supplemented diet on mitogen response decreased after a treadmill exercise is due to an increased response to mitogen and increased uptake of Gin as sources of fuel and nucleotides to the immune cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1316K) -
Shigetada TESHIMA, Kazuhito ROKUTAN, Masayuki TAKAHASHI, Takeshi NIKAW ...1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 127-137
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo understand the role of macrophages in impaired host defense under protein malnutrition (PM), we examined the activities of the respiratory burst and phagocytosis of resident peritoneal macrophages from weaning female mice fed 5% casein or 5% soy protein isolate (SPI) diet for 14 days. Resident macrophages from the low-protein diet groups released larger amounts of superoxide anion (O2-) after stimulation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan than those from the 20% casein and 20% SPI diet groups. Activation of macro-phages from protein-deficient mice in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) under LPS-free condi-tions did not further enhance 02 production. In spite of the increased 02- production with opsonized zymosan, macrophages from protein-deficient mice did not show any acceleration of phagocytosis of Candida albicans in the presence of normal serum. Our results confirm that the phagocytic function of macrophages is susceptible to PM, and suggest that functional alterations of macrophages may be involved in the failure of development of a specific immune response under PM. Furthermore, the enhanced production of oxygen intermediates by macrophages may augment tissue damage under PM.View full abstractDownload PDF (1521K) -
Fujiya GOMI, Margaret M. DOOLEY, Mitsuyoshi MATSUO1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 139-149
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of oxygen inhalation for 48 h on the antioxidant capacity of lungs, livers, and brains in normal and vitamin E-deficient rats at various ages were examined. The activity levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and the level of vitamin E in tissue homogenates were assayed as the indices of antioxidant capacity. Oxygen inhalation mostly decreased antioxidant enzyme activity in lungs. In particular, the catalase activity was much decreased. The glutathione peroxidase activity tended to be decreased. The superoxide dismutase activity was decreased in 32-month-old rats. Vitamin E deficiency did not augment oxidative damage due to oxygen inhalation. There appears to be no age effect on the oxygen-induced decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities of lungs, except the superoxide dismutase activity in very old rats. Oxygen inhalation had some effects on the antioxidant capacity of livers and brains. For example, oxygen inhalation decreased the vitamin E concentration of livers in 32-month-old, normal rats. These results suggest that the antioxidant capacity of lungs is directly damaged by oxygen inhalation and that the antioxidant capacity of livers and brains is indirectly affected through lung damage. Antioxidant capacity may be maintained without large variation during young and middle ages, but its redundancy for emergency use may be diminished in old age.View full abstractDownload PDF (1258K) -
Yuka KISHIMOTO, Shigeru WAKABAYASHI, Hidetoshi TAKEDA1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 151-161
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRat cecal contents were static-cultured with three kinds of dietary fibers and examined for the production of short-chain fatty acids after 24 h of cultivation. The total amount and molar ratio of acetate, propionate and butyrate (n=8) were 7.20±0.62 mM and 38: 19:43 with indigestible dextrin (ID), a low-viscosity, water-soluble dietary fiber, 10.88±0.46 mgt and 49: 5:46 with pectin (PE), a high-viscosity, water-soluble dietary fiber, and 1.83±0.19m and 64: 11:25 with corn fiber (CF), a water-insoluble dietary fiber, respectively (the corresponding values obtained with glucose were 10.59±0.37 mM and 15:27: 58). Next, rats were kept on a cholesterol- and bile acid-free high-sucrose diet. At the completion of the 8-week feeding period, the serum total-cholesterol levels were significantly lower, at 57.6±3.8 (n=8), 63.2±4.67 (n=7), and 77.8±3.7 mg/dl (n=9), in the ID-, PE-, and CF-supplemented diet groups, respectively, than in the control group given no dietary fiber (92.7±3.8 mg/dl, n=7). The cecal propionate production was signifi-cantly increased in both the ID and PE groups, while the fecal excretion of bile acids was increased in all three fiber groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between the serum total-cholesterol level and cecal propionate production in the ID group, between the serum cholesterol level and bile acid excretion in the CF group, and between the serum cholesterol level and cecal propionate production or bile acid excretion in the PE group. These results suggest that the degree of intestinal fermentation and bile acid excretion, which are considered to be associated with the hypocholesterol-emic action of dietary fiber, varies with each kind of dietary fiber.View full abstractDownload PDF (1380K) -
Ismail SADEK, Fatma ABDEL-SALAM, Khalid AL-QATTAN1995 Volume 41 Issue 1 Pages 163-168
Published: 1995
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHepatocellular carcinoma was induced in the toad, Bufo viridis, in 29 out of 100 cases by the administration of 0.5 mg of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/toad, 3 times/week for 12 weeks. In contrast, toads treated with DMBA and cabbage diet 1 or 2 ml (3 h prior to the carcinogen)/toad, every day for 12 weeks showed a lower incidence of liver tumors: 15 and 12 cases out of 100. However, cabbage diet (2 ml/toad, every day for 12 weeks) was ineffective when adminis-tered 3 h after the carcinogen (DMBA) in 27 out of 100 cases. Neither tumor growth nor neoplastic changes were observed in toads treated with olive oil alone or with cabbage diet. It is concluded that a cabbage diet during initiation has an inhibitory effect on hepatocarcinogenesis in toads.View full abstractDownload PDF (798K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|