土壌の物理性

競争と共生の土壌物理

溝口勝

2003 年 93 巻 p. 1-2
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_1

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陰イオン組成の異なる酸性溶液を火山灰土壌へ添加した場合の土壌溶液濃度予測

亀山幸司, 松川進, 石田朋靖, 加藤秀正

2003 年 93 巻 p. 3-11
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_3

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The prediction method of soil solution concentration of volcanic ash soil upon repetitive addition of acid solutions that differ in equivalent ratios of nitrate to sulfate was examined in this study. The method for prediction was composed of chemical equilibrium equation, electrical balance and conservation of mass in soil solutions. The results were summarized in the following. 1) There was a tendency of aluminum concentration upon addition of HNO3 solution > upon addition of acid mixed solution including NO3_ and SO42->upon addition of H2SO4 solution with equal soil solution pH. 2) The model adequately described accumulative release of basic cations. This shows it is ability to estimate acid buffering capacity of cation exchange and mineral weathering. 3) Concentration of monovalent anions was much higher than that of SO42- upon addition of acid solutions. It was considered that monovalent anions that remain in soil solution greatly affected decreasing process of pH and concentration change of basic cations. Therefore, it seemed that NO3-, which are difficult to be adsorbed in soil, are affected the release of basic cations and pH decreasing in soil when acid rain including NO3- and SO42- deposited to volcanic ash soil. 4) The simulation results agreed well with the measured values of pH and accumulative release of basic cations. These represent the most serious effects of the acid deposition on the soil. Therefore, parameters used in this simulation model are useful for predicting the main effects of the acid deposition on the Kanto loam subsoil.

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北海道中札内村の畑圃場における熱収支, 地温および土壌水分の変化一測定結果を中心として一

石渡輝夫, 小林信也

2003 年 93 巻 p. 13-20
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_13

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At the upland field in Nakasatsunai village, Hokkaido, heat balance components, soil temperature, and soil water suctions were measured during cultivating periods over ten years. The following results were gained : 1) From the results of the monthly average of heat balance components and soil water suctions, soil moisture for the growth of upland crops decreased or became deficient in late May and June, and there was a surplus from August. 2) The amounts of evapo-transpiration of the monthly average were 3.1 in late May, 3.6 in June, 3.0 in July, 2.7 in August,1.9 mmd-1 in September and early October. 3) In early June and early July, the ratio of soil heat flux during the daytime to net radiation with wet soil condition on a sunny day was more than that with dry soil. In early June, the ratio of latent heat flux during the daytime with wet soil on a sunny day was about 50% and somewhat less than that with dry soil. In early July, the ratio with wet soil on a sunny day was about 80% and more than that with dry soil. 4) In early July, though the range of soil temperature at lcm depth with dry soil on a sunny day was more than that with wet soil, the range at 5 cm depth with dry soil was less than that with wet soil. 5) Numerical analysis of the changes of soil temperatures with wet and dry soil conditions should be carried out to clarify which is better for the raising of the plow layer temperature in early cultivating periods.

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異なる雑草管理下のコーヒー園における USLE式の作物管理係数の評価 —インドネシア・南スマトラ・ランポンの熱帯湿潤丘陵地における事例研究一

アファンディ , マニクツマイアカタリナ, ロサディブストミ, ウトモムハジル, 千家正照, 足立忠司, 沖陽子

2003 年 93 巻 p. 21-33
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_21

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インドネシア• 南スマトラ• ランポンの熱帯湿潤丘陵地のコーヒー園において, U S L E 式の作物管理係数( C値)について評価した。試験区は,⑴地表面の雑草を完全除草したコーヒー園(完全除草区) ,⑵被覆植物として雑草種Paspalum conjugatumで地表面を被覆したコーヒー園( Paspulum区) ,⑶自然植生の雑草で地表面を被覆したコーヒー園(自然雑草区)である。雑草の管理は2週間に1回の頻度で行い,完全除草区では地表面の雑草を完全に除去し,Paspulum区と自然雑草区ではコーヒー樹周囲の直径lmの範囲を除草した。コーヒーの作物管理係数を次の2種類の方法で推定した。⑴類似した植生被覆条件を有する他の作物管理係数を用いる方法(Ct) と⑵既存のコーヒーの作物管理係数に基づいて算定した等価作物管理係数を用いる方法(Ce)である。Ct値を用いて土壌侵食量を計算すると実測値の9〜24倍となったのに対して, Ceを用いた土壌侵食量の予測値は実測値の10〜81倍となった。Ct値による土壌侵食量の予測値はPaspulum区で9.7 t/ha/year,自然雑草区で14.1 t/ha/yearであり,他のインドネシアの研究で予測されたコーヒー園からの土壌侵食量は数百t/ha/年の数値が多いのに対して, これらと比較すると非常に小さな値であり, いずれも許容土壌侵食量を下回る値を示した。さらに,本実験による実測値から求めたコーヒー園の作物管理係数は,完全除草区で0.045, Paspulum区で0.006,自然雑草区では0.004となり,いずれもインドネシアで通常用いられているコーヒーの作物管理係数の数値(0.2) よりも小さな数値を示した。実測で得られたコーヒーの作物係数(Cb) と雑草の影響を表す係数(Cs)の考え方を導入し,雑草による被覆条件下のコーヒー園における作物管理係数Ccの算定式(Cc=Cb • Cs)を示した。

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酸性硫酸塩土壌の水分状態が土壌呼吸活性に及ぼす影響

上野薫, 足立忠司, 成岡市

2003 年 93 巻 p. 35-45
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_35

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The basic mechanism of acidification on acid sulfate soils (ASS) was studied, but the relation between matric potential (soil moisture) and the behaviour of microorganisms in ASS was still unclear. In this paper, the effects of drying on the mechanism of acidification were identified, especially in relation to different microbial populations and soil respiration through soil incubation experiments. Six soil moisture conditions were set by drying in the incubator at 30°C. Soil pH, soil respiration and total bacterial population, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (T. ferrooxidans) that had a big role as a catalyst on the acidification of ASS and other gram-negative bacteria were analysed. It was determined that within the matric potential range of —35〜220 kPa (pF 2.55〜3.35),soil respiration was active. Specifically at —35 kPa (pF 2.55), the main bacterial population in the soil was T. ferrooxidans, while population of gram-positive bacteria decreased, though, total bacterial population had a significant relation to soil respiration. Soil acidification was effected not because of the population of T. ferrooxidans but mainly due to the speed in their increase. Carbon dioxide fixation by T. ferrooxidans (per cell) and aerobic respiration (per cell) were active in high matric potential range, but the high population of these bacterium were more effective in increasing the amount of carbon dioxide fixed and aerobic respiration.

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土壌の熱伝導率測定法の比較

望月秀俊, 坂口巌, 井上光弘

2003 年 93 巻 p. 47-50
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_47

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We measured thermal conductivity of Tottori dune sand and water using four methods, single heat probe (SPM), twin heat probe (TPM), dual heat probe (DPM), and Decagon probe (KDM). The measured values were compared. The thermal conductivity values measured with SPM and DPM are similar, and those with TPM and KDM are also similar. The thermal conductivity of water measured with KDM was as high as the value reported in literature, on the other hand the values obtained using SPM and DPM were higher than the reported data. As a result, KDM and TPM are recommended to measure soil thermal conductivity.

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土壌中のガス採取装置の改良とガス採取方法

井本博美, 藤川智紀, 溝口勝, 宮崎毅

2003 年 93 巻 p. 51-55
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_51

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実践TDR法活用一土壌中の水分•塩分量の同時測定一

登尾浩助

2003 年 93 巻 p. 57-65
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_57

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書評：21世紀水危機農からの発想

長谷川周一

2003 年 93 巻 p. 67
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_67

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編集後記

粕渕

2003 年 93 巻 p. 68
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2021/10/12

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.34467/jssoilphysics.93.0_68

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