Life is defined as a "condition" that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic materials and dead organisms. Life is comprised of processes and is a maintained state. The most sophisticated form of life is man and our thought focuses upon the nature of the life and death of man. Man demonstrates three lives or aspects of life : Life of the body-the physical, life of the mind and life of the spirit. Physical life is basic existence; the mind contributes effectiveness and scope; the spiritual entity contributes maximum living. Physiology : The existence of life physical is demonstrated by the presence of functions. Living tissues and organisms exhibit : 1 ) Irritability : the ability to be excited or detect stimuli and to respond thereto; 2 ) Growth and reproduction : this consists of the power of multiplication and duplication, regeneration and differentiation; 3 ) Adaptability : permitting both change and maintenance of balances (homeostasis); and finally and most characteristic of all is 4 ) Metabolism : the transformation of energy and the use of materials. These properties, however, can be retained for a while by tissues after death of the organism so there is another mystery of life which we understand only in part. Life consists of structure and processes operating under integrative control. This integrative power is the secret we do not understand-we know it confers all the life properties, the continuous flow of processes related to the organism's need for survival. Death is failure not so much of process but of integrative drive and coordination-but, of course, structure and process can fail too, destroying integrated activity.
The total organism is under integrative control by brain and mind, the autonomic nervous system and by the neuroendocrine-endocrine complex, all acting in unison. These physical processes contribute to the existence of the life of the mind and spirit and are in turn powerfully affected by intellect and morale. However, we do not understand the driving force which converts inorganic matter, organizes it and then propels it into life. Life seems to be only a continuation of a heritage-life creating life.
Philosophy : The life of the mind requires acquisition of knowledge, curiosity, cultivation of the power to reason, use of thought and contemplation, all under discipline. True life of the mind may not exist and may cease to be even though physical existence may be present. Somewhat the same can be said of the life of the spirit; it also is not automatically genetically granted in completed form. It is comprised of sympathy, acquired appreciation, vision of what might be, the search for the ultimate. It, too, is more mortal and can fail before death terminates physical existence. The life of the mind and spirit enables man to develop cultures. Cultures, in turn, become major forces in the determination of the quality of life of men. Cultures can deteriorate and die, a heritage not sustained, and with this failure there is death of maximum living-man becomes merely an existing physical animal again. Death comes in many forms and from many causes. It is a responsibility of man to sustain life. The scientist chiefly that of the body and mind, the philosopher chiefly that of the mind and spirit. The good physician treats man, not his parts alone. He is responsible for sustaining all three forms of life-body, mind and spirit. Death of any one tends to terminate all others. Is there an immortality-life beyond death? There are immortalities and this is the final secret to be learned. The life of the teacher, the good man, physician is like the wind and the rains of spring which bring life anew from the dead earth. Life physical and of the mind and spirit can be a continuum not terminated by death of the individual's physical part.

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Bacterial test systems for potential carcinogens sometimes give false negative results. To overcome this problem, several short term test systems have been described. One of them is the DNA-synthesis inhibition test described by Painter(1977). Our DNA-synthesis inhibition test system using mouse L-cells gave positive results when monocrothaline, phenacetin and thioacetamide, which were negative in the Ames test, were tested.

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Changes of microsomal cytochrome P-450 species in the livers of mice were examined after the inoculation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells i.p. into male ddY mice. The total content of hepatic cytochrome P-450 was observed to decrease around 6 days after the tumor-inoculation and reached the level of 40 to 50% of those of control mice (27.8 nmol P-450/g of control liver) after 10 days, while the liver weights of tumor-bearing mice slightly increased even at the end of the 2nd week. Microsomal proteins of tumor-bearing mice remained at the level of around 80% of control livers at the end of the 2nd week. The activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylation decreased roughly in proportion to the content of microsomal cytochrome P-450. On the contrary, the specific activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase per nmol of P-450 in the tumor-bearing mouse liver increased to more than 2 fold of the value of normal liver (25 nmol HCHO/nmol P-450/min for control liver) during the last stage of the second week. These results suggest that the reduction of individual forms of cytochrome P-450 in the tumor-bearing mouse liver was not random and a new steady state of distribution of these hemeproteins was established under the pathological conditions.

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Nodules or cysts of the oral mucosa occurred with an incidence of 88.7 per cent in 541 Japanese newborn infants. No infant was over 8 days old. This incidence is higher than that reported in Caucasian and Negro newborns. It may be suggested that the frequency of visible nodules have a close relation to growth and development in the fetal life, because the cysts seen in newborns can be recognized histologically in most fetuses, as demonstrated in other papers. Although a variety of terminology for these nodules have been used, these oral cysts can be classified as follows: gingival cyst in the newborn (dental lamina cyst) and median Palatal mucosal cyst (Epstein's pearl).

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the state of ergonomics teaching in Japan and the research interests of those concerned with this teaching. The name "Ergonomics" became well known between 1965 and 1969. Most Japanese researchers in ergonomics came from an engineering background and most teaching and research were carried out at Departments of Industrial Management. The next largest group of researchers came from Departments of Psychology, but in their teaching or research they were not necessarily carrying out research in ergonomics in those departments even though many of them were conducting ergonomics projects before 1959. University courses in ergonomics were first launched in 1953 ; 1967 was a turning point, and they have rapidly become more popular since then. However, the courses of ergonomics are optional at the majority of universities, taught over a period of only one term at half of the universities and one year at the other half. Furthermore, there were very few experiments which were separate from the courses of the lectures. Most of the work of Japanese researchers is in the areas of "Man as a system component" and "Methods, techniques and equipment in ergonomics". These are also the main subjects of undergraduate and graduate theses and experiments.

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The effects of rifampicin (RMP) on isoniazid (INH) metabolism in rabbits were examined from the viewpoint of extensive hepatitis. After the RMP pretreatment, no remarkable changes were observed in the plasma levels of INH as well as its metabolites, acetylisoniazid (AcINH), acetylhydrazine (AcHz) and diacetylhydrazine (DAcHz) with the exception of hydrazine (Hz). After an oral administration of INH or Hz hydrate, the stochastic examination showed that the AUC_0-8hr, values of Hz plasma levels in RMP pretreated groups were significantly less than those in the control rabbits. RMP treatment was also shown to induce rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 activity. Histological studies demonstrated that Hz causes more remarkable hepatic necrosis in rabbits pretreated with RMP than in the control rabbits. These observations could suggest that Hz is a key intermediate of INH-hepatitis through the transformation of some hepatotoxic species by microsomal oxidation that is facilitated by RMP.

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The tumor cells, TMT-3, was isolated from TMT-2 tumor cells by way of repeated selections of large colonies in soft agar. The cells can grow either in mice or in suspension culture TD₅₀ of the ascites tumor cells was 1.5±1.0. Plating efficiencies in soft agar were 40-70% for cells of ascites tumors and 25-30% for cells of solid tumors. The cells showed 4 marker chromosomes common to the parent cells and 6 new marker chromosomes. They also shared MM-antigen, but its quantity was about half of the parent cells. The growth curves of the solid tumors were characterized by temporary decrease in tumor volume followed by regrowth or regression.

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The effect of temperature on the release of cyanide from sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a potent vasodilating drug, was studied in vitro. It was observed that higher temperatures accelerate the degradation rate of SNP and facilitate the formation of cyanmethemoglobin in blood. The results indicate that hypothermia which is often used in combination with SNP may reduce the incidence of cyanide toxicity by slowing the degradation of SNP.

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The relation between the mutagenic activities and chemical structure of phenanthridinium derivatives were tested by using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 98 and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 3, 8-diamino analog and amino-azido isomers caused frameshift type mutation in Salmonella. However, mutagenicity was severely reduced for the diazido analog, and mutagenic activities of monoamino and monoazido analogs were minimal. The deaminated analog was not mutagenic. Diamino analog and two amino-azido isomers induced mitochondria mutation of yeast in both resting and growing conditions. Two monoamino and deaminated analogs were mutagenic only in growing yeast but not in resting cells. Two monoazido and diazido analogs were less mutagenic even in the growing conditions.

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A rapid method for determining urinary indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is introduced as the tumor-marker for the screening and diagnostic purpose of cancer patients by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its clinical significance is discussed along with a review of literatures. The IAA concentration and creatinine level of optionally collected urine samples were measured and used for the calculation of IAA amount per unit creatinine ( μg IAA/mg creatinine) in urine. Thus, an amount of 24-hours urinary IAA could be calculated without collecting a whole day's urine supply. Analysis of urinary IAA was performed within 10 minutes by HPLC. Urinary IAA Level is usually high in the patients with the upper G-I tract cancers such as gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and hepato-biliary tract cancer, and also malignant hematopoietic disorders. But it is also high in noncancer patients such as liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus and cholelithiasis occasionally. The patients with high urinary IAA level also showed high urinary levels of 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and monoamine oxidase activity (MAO). It was characteristic that hepatocellular carcinoma showed slight elevation of urinary IAA with normal levels of 5-HIAA and MAO. It is conclusive that the positive rate of elevated urinary IAA level was high in the patients with gastic cancer with ulcer-forming type in its morphological classification, and its level tends to elevate as the disease progresses. Therefore, the measurement of urinary IAA level in an optionally collected urine sample, as the tumor-marker, can be useful to check the progression and regression of gastric cancer.

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A future application of negative pions to radiotherapy has arrived at a promising stage. Negative pions, in addition to their good localization characteristics, offer an advantage of favorably influencing biological factors because of differences in the quality of radiation given to a) the treatment volume and b) the intervening normal tissue. By utilizing dose fractionation, the low dose to intervening normal tissue with its low LET allows these tissues to recover better than cells in the treatment volume. In this study the lucite phantom was bombarded with 150 MeV/c and 173 MeV/c negative pions and 173 MeV/c positive pions, respectively, by using the 12GeV proton synchrotron of the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK). Range-energy relations in the lucite and the remaining curves of pions were observed. The observed range of pions in lucite agreed well with the theoretical prediction. The remaining curves show the different structures for π⁺ and π^- mesons. Peak to plateau ratio is ten times.

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A theoretical analysis was attempted to give a remaining number of π meson, N(X), as function of depth X in a target, Incite as model, under a beam of π meson. Under the assumption of three different elementary processes, π-e Rutherford scattering, π-decay and π-nucleus interaction, N(X) was theoretically evaluated. It was shown that the estimated stopped points of π particles agreed well with the experimentally obtained data if the π-e Rutherford scatterings were the main cause of π momentum reduction. Since the decay of π meson is negligible in the reduction of π meson, N(X) is mainly due to π-nucleus reaction in the region of a small depth but it is due to π-nucleus Rutherford scattering at a point less than 1.5 cm before the stopped point of π.

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Though the Focusing process is not entirely non-verbal, in Focusing, careful attention is paid by the Focuser and the Listener to the pre-verbal experiential process. In other words, Focusing involves attending to the felt sense that is not easily expressed in words immediately. Hence, during the process of learning to Focus, the Focusing teacher attempts to communicate the experiences of Focusing to the student which are not easily done by words. Due to such difficulties, the Focusing student may (and quite frequently does) mistake the experiential process in Focusing with other processes. Often, the felt sense can be confused with other phenomena such as "autogenic discharge". Also the Focuser may not stay with the felt sense and drift into "free association" or frequently, certain processes in "meditation" can be confused with Focusing. Therefore, there is a need for a "check" by which the Focusing student can confirm the Focusing experience for himself. For the Focusing student, such a "check" serves not only to confirm the Focusing process, but also an aid to learning Focusing. We will report here a "Focusing Check" which we developed by translating Eugene Gendlin's "Focusing Check" and making several modifications in it so that it will be more understandable to the Japanese. Along with the "Focusing Check" we developed, the authors discuss the need for such a check.

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It is well-known that balanced incomplete block designs are closely connected with finite geometry. A block design can be obtained by identifying rational points of an algebraic variety with treatments. The number of GF(q^s)-rational points follows from the theory of étale cohomologies. It is, however, difficult to give an explicit formula for the number. We shall discuss the number of the GF(q^s)-rational points of the variety of non-isotropic subspaces.

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This paper describes why planning a health care delivery system which aims at appropriate distribution of health and medical resources, as well as making an effort toward its urgent realization, is necessary. The relationship between the practice of comprehensive medical care and the significance of primary care is also explained. In giving comprehensive medical health care for the whole person, the author considered the important role that psychosomatic medicine must play in dealing with previously reported cases, including the author's cases. Furthermore, concerning primary care and the universal practice of psychosomatic medicine, their real value is as a basis for planning a health care delivery system. Therefore, the primary purpose of this paper is to show that the systematic development of a health care delivery system is of the utmost importance.

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The blood from burned cadavers heat-coagulates badly and COHb% at autopsy is expected to be lower than that at death. To study such an effect of heating on COHb% in the blood, we have carried out experiments on heating of dead bodies of CO intoxicated guinea pigs as well as that of blood containing COHb in vitro. Three high temperatures (300℃, 500℃, 700℃) and five exposure times (5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 min) were used to simulate conditions of real fire. Supposing that the effect of heat can be expressed in terms of a product of heating temperature with exposure time, a relation between the product and CO Iiberation rate was examined. The release of CO is at most 20% of the CO initially present when the product is under 5,000 and the blood retains still fluid, whereas the release of CO is about 50% when the product is over 10,000 and the blood is clotted. It is difficult to adapt CO release from COHb observed in experiments on heating in vitro and in the dead body to the judgment of the causes of death of burnt corpses, but if taking into consideration the degree of burns of charred bodies and the degree of the heatcoagulation of the blood, it is suggested that one is able to anticipate COHb% at death from the gaschromatographic measurement of COHb% at autopsy in medico-legal practice.

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Responses to X-rays of a P-type surface barrier detector fabricated in our laboratory were studied, taking into consideration the dependence on the temperature in order to examine its applicability to dosimetry of short-range radiation. The study was also made in the case of N-type surface barrier detector. At room temperature, the short-circuit current increased linearly with exposure dose rate (15-50 R/min) for N- and P-type detectors. The open-circuit voltage showed a nonlinear dependence. With increasing temperature, the short-circuit current for the N-type detector was approximately constant up to 30℃ and then decreased, though the open-circuit voltage decreased linearly. For the P-type detector, both open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current decreased almost linearly with increasing temperature. While a P-type detector is still open to some improvements, these results indicate that it can be used as a dosimeter.

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The repair of a cleft palate in a child with severe hemophilia A was performed under replacement of factorⅧ. The plasma level, over 50% of the normal value, was maintained during surgery. The estimated blood loss during surgery was 15 ml. In order to control postoperative bleeding, it is recommended that the factor Ⅷ level be maintained above 30% for two weeks.

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A 52-year-old male with diabetes mellitus showed sensorimotor disturbance of symmetrical glove and stocking distribution. Electromyography demonstrated signs of denervation, and motor nerve conduction velocities could not be obtained because the muscle action potential was not evoked by the electrical stimulation of the nerves. Quantitative histologic and ultrastructual studies were performed in the sural nerve biopsy. Determinations of fiber densities revealed a striking decrease of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers and remarkable increase of the onion bulb formations. Hypertrophic changes with onion bulb formations have been observed in various clinical conditions, particularly in hereditary disorders, but uncommon in diabetic neuropathy. Our case was non-familial and may form one atypical type of diabetic neuropathy.

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The feasibility of a bone mineral analyzer equipped with a single source of²⁴¹Am but with a specially designed water bath (Beam Scanner, Aloca Co. Ltd.) was evaluated both experimentally and clinically. The attenuation rate of ²⁴¹Am gamma-ray showed an exponential decrease with the increase of the thickness of the plaster plate containing CaSO₄. Measurements of the test tubes filled with Ca(OH)₂, demonstrated the measured mineral valucs to be in good correlation with the amount of Ca(OH)₂. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of bone mineral values obtained by measuring the phantom 20 times was 4.06%. Reproducibility tests performed in 10 normal persons after an interval of 8 months revealed a C.V. of 2.0%. Bone mineral values seemed to reach their peak in the 4th decade and thereafter gradually decreased with aging in normal persons. A marked decrease of the bone mineral value was observed in 5 cases of osteoporosis. We conclude that the bone mineral measurement using the above described method is practical and reliable.

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