The effects of leadership rating by others on the participants' self-rating in PM-Sensitivity Training were examined. Used as subjects were 113 first-line supervisors of a shipyard who participated in the training. A questionnaire cornprizing ten items designed to obtain their selfrating was distributed to the participants both before and after the training. Ratings by others (regarding PM type leadership) was fed back to each of the participants three times during the training. The results were as follows.
(1) The self-rating of those participants whose leadership type was ignored changed positively except for openness and problem-consciousness.
(2) The self-rating of those participants whose leadership type was rated as PM (both high in performance and maintenance functions) changed positively in regard to their attraction to others, successful behavior, confidence of behavior, ability of control and feelings of attaining their goals.
(3) The self-rating of those participants whose leadership type was rated as pm (both low in performance and maintenance functions) did not change positively in regard to any of the ten items.
(4) The self-rating of those participants of the PM type was higher than those of the pm type in regard to seven items at the time of the completion of the training.
It was indicated that the participants' problem-consciousness heightened as a result of receiving high leadership rating. It was pointed out as matters to be further pursued that interplay among participants must be taken into consideration in measuring the efects of training and that the rating done during the training and the rating done before and after the training in their workplaces should be organically put together and examined in order to get things into proper perspective.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the possibility of using a pure tone, instead of verbal stimuli, as a stimulus which indicates a particular type of leadership. This study was based upon the P-M Leadership Theory (Misumi 1966). Subjects of this experiment were 25 college seniors who were divided into two groups, consisting 12 and 13 students respectively. The task required was to count and report the number of black dots on a white screen. A tutal 24 trials were divided into eight blocks. While the subjects were performing the task, a tone which was intermittent with one second intervals was presented on each odd block and was not presented on the even blocks. The first group (Tone-Performance condition or TP) was given the tone attributed to P-type leadership. The second group (Tone-Maintenace condition or TM) was given the tone attributed to M-type leadership. The physiological processes of each subject were checked by HR and amplitude of finger plethysmograph. The result of the experiment indicated the following : (1) In the TP condition, the tone in creased HR and decreased the amplitude of finger plethysmograph, while in the TM condition, the tone decreased HR and increased the amplitude of finger plethysmograph. (2) The tone increased the speed of the task performance in the TP condition, while the tone decreased the speed of the task performance in the TM condition. (3) During the presentation of the tone the subjects tended to perceive it as a psychological pressure to concentrate their attention upon performing the task in the TP condition. In contrast to this result, in the TM condition the subjects tended to perceive it as a psychological atmosphere which enabled them to perform task at their ease.
From these results, it was concluded that a pure tone can be used, instead of verbal stimuli, as a stimulus which means a particular type of leadership.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate effective strategies for group problem solving. Two strategies were compared. One was the Individual-Group Strategy (IGs), in which group members put their hands to the group task individually at the beginning and had the following period to perform the task through group interactions, and the other was the Group Strategy (Gs), in which the members performed the group task together. The task adopted here was the production of ideas under the instruction of brainstorming.
Ss were 11-12 years old children. Each group was composed of 6 subjects and they were heterogeneous in their intelligence. After group members experienced two training phases similar to the main experiment, the experimental task was assigned to the groups.
The results were as follows.
(1) A tendency was found to exchange a greater quantity of task-relevant-utterances and a lesser amount of task-irrelevant-utterances among the group members in the IGs than in the Gs. Furthermore, members' utterances in the IGs were more concise.
(2) A tendency was found to show less variance of members' participation in performing the task in the IGs than in the Gs.
As a consequence of these different modes of social interactions, the following results in two independent variables were derived.
(3) A tendency was found to produce more ideas and more unique ideas in the IGs than in the Gs.
(4) A tendency was found that each group member expressed more statisfaction with the group task, with the group interaction process, and also with his or her fellow group members in the IGs than in the Gs.
The results have almost the same inclination as those we found in the recent study in more complicated near-classroom situations.
In addition to the examination above, some problems which remained in this area were further discussed.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate how a person's inferential processes concerning the causes of his own physiological arousal would affect the affiliative tendency, anxiety level, and the frequency of GSR nonspecifics.
28 male high school students served as Ss. Each S was given a lactose-filled pill and led to anticipate an “second experiment” which ostensibly needed a painful injection. Ss in the first group were led to believe that the pill would arouse them. Ss in the second (control) group were told that it would cause symptoms irrelevant to arousal. Ss in the third group were informed that it would make them feel relaxed.
It was predicted that Ss in the first group would show lessened affiliative tendency and anxiety compared to the control group, as they were allowed to attribute their arousal to an extrinsic source. It was also predicted that Ss in the third group would show greater affiliative tendency and anxiety than would the control group as a belief that arousal had been artificially, reduced would lead to an inference that they were affected in a particularly strong way by the stimulus.
Major findings were as follows ;
(1) Ss who could attribute arousal to the pill were less anxious than Ss in the control and the third group when they were led to anticipate a stressful situation.
(2) Ss in the first group showed lessened autonomic arousal compared to Ss in the third group.
(3) No relationship was found between the induced arousal processes and the affiliative tendency.
A tentative interpretation for the obtained difference in the actual autonimic arousal was suggested on the basis of Beck's model. Some implications for application of “attribution therapy” to clinical practice were also suggested.

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The present study was designed to investigate the impairment of communication processes in schizophrenics from the viewpoint of co-operativeness in group manual dexterity tasks.
Subiects were 16 schizophrenic patients and 16 normal controls age- and sex-matched to the patients. The task was to trace a round figure in co-operation with the experimenter as quickly and as accurately as possible. The performance was judged on speed (time for a round) and errors (frequency of the pencil's slipping).
Results were summarized as follows :
1) The speed scores of the schizophrenic group were significantly lower than that of normal group through the five trials.
2) The error scores of the schizophrenic group were significantly higher than that of normal group thorugh the fivet rials.
These results suggested that the schizophrenics were less co-operative than the normal subjects.

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