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Volume 30 (1990 - 199･･･
- Issue 3 Pages 181-
- Issue 2 Pages 91-
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Volume 30, Issue 3
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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KATSUYA YAMORI, JYUJI MISUMI1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 181-193
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of leadership behavior in the normal time both on follower's productivity and on coping behavior when emergency occurred was investigated. A subject was assigned a task with a co-worker, a confederate, working beside her. Productivity was measured by subject's task performance while coping behavior was measured by her response to an unexpectedly introduced warning sound in a workroom. Leadership was manipulated based on Misumi's Performance (P) -Maintenance (M) theory. A combination of P behavior emphasizing group goal (P2) and M behavior facilitating group integration (M2) was examined in addition to a combination of P behavior emphasizing individual productivity (P1) and M behavior reducing follower's tension (M1). The results showed that a combined P2 and M2 was found most effective concerning both dependent variables. Furthermore, leadership behavior in the ordinary settings affected not only follower's productivity but also coping behavior. This seemed relevant to crisis situation in which normacy-bias may disturb a quick response to a sign of danger.View full abstractDownload PDF (2041K) -
HIROYUKI YAMAGUCHI1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 195-202
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was intended to investigate the characteristics of coalition formation processes in the competition for power precedence, focusing on the phase where motivation to defend status was dominant. Subjects, 90 male undergraduates, were divided into 30 groups of three persons each and were assigned to each rank order of power such as TOP, MIDDLE, and BOTTOM. Then they were confronted with the task to form two person coalition to obtain new resources for promoting their power ranks. Although TOP always preferred BOTTOM as a coalition partner and BOTTOM preferred TOP any time, MIDDLE changed his preferable partner depending on the probability that he could recover in the future if he lose his rank. While high probability motivated MIDDLE strongly to promote his rank and to select BOTTOM as his coalition partner, low probability motivated MIDDLE intensely to defend his status and to make large concessions to TOP to let TOP select him. Consequently, coalitions consisting of TOP and BOTTOM were formed more frequently on high probability condition, but coalitions consisting of TOP and MIDDLE more frequently on low probability condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (1072K) -
TAKASHI OKA1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 203-216
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVerbal involvement of the left hemisphere in processing facial expressions of emotion was investigated with normal subjects by examining the effects for hemispheres (right or left hemisphere), stimulus processing codes (imagery or verbal code), and the degree of cognitive demands of the task (unilateral or bilateral tachistoscopic projection) on accuracy for recognizing emotional expressions. When a “target” cartoon-like face was unilaterally projected, right-hemisphere superiority in face recognition accuracy was observed whether the “test” emotional stimuli were imagery faces or verbal labels. But when two different target faces were bilaterally presented simultaneously (i. e., one face to the right hemisphere and the other to the left hemisphere), right-hemisphere superiority was obtained only when the test stimuli were emotional labels. These results were predicted and interpreted in terms of the inter ruption effect of verbal processing on visual processing in the left hemisphere and of the interference and collaboration effects between two hemispheres on processing of differentiated emotional codes of facial expressions.View full abstractDownload PDF (2403K) -
SHINKICHI SUGIMORI1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 217-227
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHamilton and Gifford's (1976) results that illusory correlation (overestimation of correlation) occured between distinctive group (small group) and distinctive members (minority members) have not been replicated in Japan (Shirai, 1979; Sugimori, 1987). Rather, a conceptual replication of Hamilton and Gifford (1976) had demonstrated illusory correlation between small groups and unlikable members. To resolve these inconsistencies of the results, Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 examined proportion judgments of likable and unlikable members in each of the large and the small groups under six proportions of likable and unlikable members. Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 differs in the number of stimulus groups; Ss in Exp. 1 saw member-descriptions of both large and small groups. In Exp. 2., Ss saw member-descriptions of a large or a small group to exclude contrast effects. In both experiments, the number of unlikable members in small groups were relatively overestimated than the number of likable members; whereas in large groups, the number of likable members were relatively overestimated than the number of unlikable members only when the large groups were presented with small groups (in Exp. 1.). These results suggest that the results of Hamilton and Gifford (1976) can be explained by centralizing tendency. It was also found that there is negativity bias on small groups.View full abstractDownload PDF (1495K) -
KAZUMA HARAOKA1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 229-241
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study investigated the dynamic relationship between a child's perception of the teacher's expectation of his/her academic performance, the child's own expectation, his/her attribution of the cause of the performance and his/her motivation to perform in subsequent academic tasks. Results indicated that children who perceived high expectations from their teacher also had high expectations of themselves and vice versa; those who did well on a test tended to attribute their success to effort or ability, while those who didn't attributed it to luck ; those with high teacher expectation tended to attribute performance to effort compared to luck for those who perceived it to be low ; and finally, those with high self expectation saw effort as being responsible for their performance, while those with low self expectation attributed luck. It was found that a child's self expectation depends on his/her perception of the teacher's expectation of him/her, and in turn, this self expectation affects his/her evaluation of performance, which together exert an influence upon the causal attribution of performance, which finally affects his/her motivation to perform.View full abstractDownload PDF (1937K) -
NAOHIRO YOSHIYAMA1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 243-248
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined how the consistent behavior of a minority affects both the behavior and the internalization of the behavior of a majority. The formation processes of the majority's attributions (judgements of confidence and competence) to the minority were also investigated. The subjects, 80 male undergraduate students, comprising five-member groups and were randomly assigned to either a 10-trial or a 20-trial condition. One of the group members was a confederate. For each trial subjects were required to construct a 70cm vertical line as accurate as possible on a screen at a distance of 3.3m. A confederate continued to present a deviant response (an 85cm long line). After the trials subjects were required to construct some vertical lines privately (posttest). Results showed that (1) in progress of trials the majority became to conform toward the minority although the internalization of the behavior was not always found contrary to prediction, (2) the majority became to judge the consistent minority to be less competent but more confident than themselves, (3) in this attribution the majority was less sensitive to the judgement about confidence than to the one about competence, and (4) the majority judged the minority to be more confident than themselves when the majority's behavior was larger discrepant to the minority's.View full abstractDownload PDF (898K) -
KEN'ICHIRO TANAKA1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 249-257
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to examine determinants of the reward allocation behavior from a multidimensional standpoint.
In the main study, subjects were shown scenarios of the allocation behavior, and asked to indicate with “Yes-No”, which of the items describing the situation where allocation behavior occurs made participants agree to allocate equitably (or equally). Answers from the main survey were analyzed first, using Hayashi's quantification theory type III and cluster analysis. In this analysis, items were divided into subgroups under the headings of equity and equality conditions. Further, the answers were analyzed using Hayashi's quantification theory type II. In this analysis, items which contribute largely to equity or equality allocation were selected.
As a result of these analyses, it was suggested that the characteristics of the work was one of the several important factors which determines the reward allocation behavior.View full abstractDownload PDF (1308K) -
H.H. Kelly1991 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 259-267
Published: March 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 17, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1530K)
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