The present study examined the processes in which those American citizens of Japanese ancestry who had been interned in the US concentration camps during W.W. II due to their ethnicity came to be socially indentified as “Japanese Americans”. 283 front-page-lead-articles, 81 editorials, and 108 letters to the editor of the “Granada Pioneer”, an English newspaper published in the Amache WR A camp in Colorado, were content-analyzed with regard to (1) the use of such ethnic social catogories as ‘Americans’ ‘Japanese’, ‘Japanese Americans’, or ‘American Japanese’; (2) the users of those categories; (3) the themes of articles printed.
The following results were obtained: (1) “Japanese American” was the most frequently used among those four social categories, and it appeared more often in the articles published during the latter half of the internment period than those during the first half of it; (2) The use of “Japanese American” was initiated by the Federal government, and later the people of Japanese ancestry picked it up as their social identity; and (3) The people of Japanese ancestry often identified themselves as “Japanese Americans” in referring to their relationships with the Federal government and with the American public (mainly the Californians).

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Various aspects of dimensions of causal attribution for helping behavior and for nonhelping behavior were compared and examined. The subjects made up of 140 university students were rated in terms of each of 25 helping motives as a cause of helping behavior and each of 26 non-helping motives as a cause of non-helping behavior on each of 4 causal dimensions: locus of control, stability, controllability, and globality.
Major findings obtained were as follows:
(1) For both helping and non-helping; subjects perceived differences among 6 types of helping motives (Takagi, 1983, 1986) and 5 types of nonhelping motives (Matsumoto & Takagi, 1981; Takagi, 1987) in causal dimensional location.
(2) For both helping and non-helping; only the correlation between the perceived causal dimensions of stability and globality were significant. The results suggested the conceptual similality between perceived causal dimensions of stability and globality, and validated the orthogonality among 3 causal dimensions proposed by Weiner (1979).
(3) The data from the domains of perceived. causal dimensions for helping and for non-helping were subjected to various multivariate correlation analyses. The results suggested that the pattern of causal attribution for helping behavior differed from that for non-helping behavior.

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Three experiments based on Schwartz and Smith (1976) 's research were made, trying to explore the cultural differences of the process of self-evaluation. According to their findings, the greater the difference of performances between self and other, and/or the the smaller the variance in the other's performance, the higher is certainty about one's abillty level, regardless whether one is superior to the other or not. Experiment I failed to duplicate Schwartz & Smith's findings and showed strong self-deprecative tendencies in self-evaluation, however. Namely, the cartainty of self-evaluation was high when one is inferior to the other, regardless of the performance differences and the variance in other's performance. Experiment II also did not support Schwartz & Smith's hypothesis derived from the analogy with a t test for the difference of two means, in spite of the slightest situational implications for the srategic deprecating self-presentation. In experiment III, where subjects are to judge two others' ability level, the parametric metaphor hypothesis was supported. Implications of these findings for the strategic self-presentation and/or the self-evaluation processes through social comparison in Japanese culture were discussed.

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Two experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between the trait-scores of personality test (MPI) and the efficiency of self-referent information processing on those traits. The results indicated that; (a) extraverted words led to more effective self-descriptive judgments than introverted ones in highly extraverted subjects; (b) subjects with low extraversion scalescores made self-descriptive judgments to intraverted words more easily than to extraverted ones; (c) there was no difference in neurotic and non-neurotic subjects with regard to their processing efficiency of words relative to neuroticism and non-neuroticism; (d) judgments describing others took longer and were rated more difficult when prompted by introverted words than by extraverted ones. The findings suggested that personality traits associated with observable behaviors are more easily inferred and lead to self-schema formations than traits relating to internal affective cues.

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The perseverance of personality impressions was examined in two experiments within a debriefing paradigm.
The paradigm used in the present study was as follows:
1. Subjects were initially asked to evaluate a stimulus person based on an unambiguous information (positive or negative) and an ambiguous information (neutral).
2. Debriefing: Afterward they were informed that the unambiguous information was irrelevant to the stimulus person.
3. Then they were asked to revaluate the stimulus person only based on the ambiguous information.
Major findings were as follows:
1. Even after debriefing, the subjects who initially had read the positive information revaluated the stimulus person more positively than did the subjects who had read the nagative information.
2. This perseverance effect was more salient under the recall condition than under the nonrecall condition.
3. This perseverance effect was more salient under the interpretation condition than under the non-interpretation conditon.

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The main purpose of this study is to verify the following two hypotheses about the relation between objective self-awareness and self-evaluation.
Hypothesis I: Ideal-real self discrepancy score (D score) of those whose self-consciousness is high will be higher than that of those whose self-consciousness is low.
Hypothesis II: In the state of objective self-awareness, ideal-real self discrepancy will be high.
In regard to Hypothesis I, I employed the self-consciousness scale by Fenigstein, et al. (1975) and the ideal-real discrepancy test by Martire (1956) to compare high-low self-consciousness with large-small discrepancy (n=607, male student). There was no significant difference of D score between those whose self-consciousness is high and those whose self-consciousness is low. But there was significant correlation between self related D score (two items) and self-consciousness.
In regard to Hypothesis II, I steered the subjects into the state of objective self-awareness by using mirror and video (n=20, male students) and their own voices (n=20, male students). By using their own voices, I-R self discrepancy score (by Martire) of those into the state of objective self-awareness was higher than that of those in the neutral state.

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The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effects of the presence of an observer on self-presentation in a delayed choice reaction setting. Sixty-seven university undergraduates were divided into two groups. Group 1 was given a delayed choice reaction task under two different conditons, first with the subjects in isolation and second with the subjects in front of an audience. Group 2 was administered a delayed choice reaction task only in a condition of isolation. After the subjects had made the choice, they were asked both to rate how confident they felt that their response was correct and to choose whether they wished to see the results on a CRT. Latency was found to be substantially longer in the presence of an audience in the case of rating times (Fig. 1), especially when the subjects judged their choice “extremly confident” (Fig. 2). The results arediscussed in terms of the drive and self-presentational theories of social facilitaion.

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This paper examined the effects of following variables on adopting allocation rules: (1) amount of resources, (2) orientation of the group, (3) attribution of responsibility for yielding one's need, and (4) allocators' general view of distributive justice. Regarding effects of orientation of the group, Deutsch's hypothesis that the economic-, solidarity-, and care-orientation of the group induces allocation rules such as equity, equality, and needs, respectively were examined. In addition, how a person should allocate group-resources under the situation where the group has two different types of orientation, was also explored. By changing amount of resources, three versions of questionnaire were prepared. Each asked five hypothetical distribution problems. Also measured were one's general view of distributive justice, and other variables. 111 undergraduates answered one of these three questionnaires. The results were as follows: (1) as resources increase, equality rule was adopted more often, and equity rule less. (2) Deutsch's hypothesis was supported in the economic- and care-oriented groups. In the solidarity-oriented group, contrary to the hypothesis, equity was adopted overwhelmingly. In the situation which had two different types of orientation, Ss were inclined to adopt the allocation rule correspondent to one of the two orientations. (3) Ss considered the amount of need as well as the attribution of responsibility for yielding receiver's need. (4) one's general view of distributive justice did not have so large effect on allocation as expected.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how subordinates evaluate powerholders who used much and severe power in terms of coercive and legitimate power. Subjects, thirty-two female undergraduates, who played subordinate role were asked to engage in doing the Sociograms as a working task. While performing the task, half of them were supervised by the power holders who exercised much severe power (High Power Condition). Half of them were supervised by the powerholders who exercised less power (Low Power Condition).
Results showed, as predicted, that the severity of power (coercive, legitimate) used by powerholders had significant impact on subordinates' evaluation to powerholders. Compared to the low power condition, subordinates in the high power condition showed less familiarity to powerholders both in the first half and the second half, and began to claim longer social distance to them in the second half.

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