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Volume 32 (1992 - 199･･･
- Issue 3 Pages 205-
- Issue 2 Pages 101-
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Volume 32, Issue 2
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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A perspective based on a concept of 'canopy'TOSHIO SUGIMAN1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 101-105
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new perspective on group dynamics is proposed rejecting the traditional notion of interaction among individuals. This new perspective emphasizes the dynamic interaction between a canopy (or canopies) which represent phenomena shown by a collectivity of individuals as a whole, and the behavior of each individual within that collectivity. It is suggested that multiple canopies, partially overlapping one another, both affect and are affected by the individuals which they encompass, to varying degrees. The concept of canopies is useful in exploring a wide range of group and social phenomena.View full abstractDownload PDF (907K) -
TOSHIO YAMAGISHI1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 106-114
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe goal of a micro-macro social psychology proposed here is to study macro behavior (as distinct from micro or individual behavior) as an unintended consequence of individuals' social action. The “unintendedess” of macro behavior relevant to micro-macro social psychology emerges from the interdependent nature of social action. It is suggested that the rational choice theoretical framework provides a useful conceptual tool to analyze this interdependence responsible for the“unintendedness” of macro behavior, since individuals' action can be analyzed as conditions for others' rational choice.View full abstractDownload PDF (1722K) -
Effects of Individual Differences in Conformity on Macroscopic Social ChangeHIROKUNI OOURA1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 115-128
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOpinion distributions in a society consisting of 1, 600 people were simulated using a cell-automaton model. In the simulation, each person was assumed to hold one of two opinions at a certain point of time, and to change his/her opinion according to an assigned probability function. One of three types of probability functions, representing three types of long-term attitudes, (i. e. supporting the first of the two opinions, supporting the second of the two opinions, and neutral) was assigned to each person, using a predetermined ratio. The results showed that, when the ratio of the three attitudes were varied, a society was likely to face one of the following three situations in the near future: (1) a single type of opinion distribution was expected to be attained, (2) two types of opinion distributions were expected depending on the initial situation, and (3) every possible opinion distribution was expected with almost the same probability.View full abstractDownload PDF (1749K) -
KATSUYA YAMORI, TOSHIO SUGIMAN1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 129-144
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS'Banded structure', shown by a collectivity of pedestrians on a large crosswalk, had been documented in a previous observational study (Yamori & Sugiman, 1990). In the present study, such self-organized collective structure is called a macro-behavioral pattern (MBP). One of the essential properties of MBP is that individual behavior (micro) and MBP (macro) determine each other. A MBP is originally generated through the accumulation of individual actions however, once it is established, it, in turn, constrains individual behavior. In the current study, the dynamic interaction between micro and macro behaviors was simulated in a computer model. The size of the area subjected to information processing by each pedestrian when deciding the direction to move was assumed to be restricted by the extent to which 'banded structure' was established. The results showed that the 'banded structure' observed in the previous study could be reproduced by the computer model. Furthermore, the model, which explicitly formulates the micro-macro link, makes it possible to examine the conditions under which' banded structure' is generated.View full abstractDownload PDF (2363K) -
An experimental demonstration to identify the basis of women's self-esteemYASUKI YAGI1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 145-159
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNinety-six female subjects in Experiment I, after exposed to the essay of a woman showing successfully either femininity or masculinity, read the criticism which was seemingly well-grounded or crudely negative against the way of life expressed in each essay, i. e., femininity or masculinity, and evaluated that woman along a variety of trait adjectives. At that evaluation, about half of Ss were told that they might take the criticism into consideration for their information and the form with the criticism was attached to the answer sheet, i. e., evaluations of Ss appeared to be grounded upon the criticism., but The rest of Ss read the criticism in the situation ostensibly unrelated to their evaluations and the answer sheet was independent of the criticism. Individual difference was assessed by a self-esteem inventory. From the viewpoint of self-evaluation maintenance or social-comparison jealousy, a woman who has desirable traits that Ss do not have is ego-threatening and Ss harbor the motive to derogate that woman but wish to conceal it. But in the situation where their evaluations appeared to be grounded upon the criticism, compared to Ss who read the crudely negative criticism, Ss who read the seemingly well-grounded one are, so to speak, provided with socially acceptable rationalization for derogation, so they can let out that motive. The results were as follows. Low self-esteem Ss had that motive toward a woman showing femininity and high self-esteem Ss had that motive toward a woman showing masculinity. These mean that women heighten self-esteem by acquiring femininity: Against popular view of fear of success, femininity is the most important as the basis of self-esteem. This reasoning was confirmed in Experiment II.View full abstractDownload PDF (2373K) -
Network approach to self-generation effectYUKIO ITSUKUSHIMA, MAKI WADA, TOSHIRO SUENAGA1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 160-170
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo investigate the underlying mechanisms which produce self-generation effect from a network theory of memory, two experiments were undertaken. In Experiment 1, Ss produced 10 persons' names which had positive affect and they were given 10 names which had neutral affect by an experimenter. Then Ss constructed sentences using the names which were generated or given with an object (noun) and its modifier. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was adopted, however, this time Ss produced persons' names which had negative affect. Incidental free and cued recall tests showed strong self-generation effects in both experiments. These results were explained in terms of higher activation of the nodes in the memory network. Higher recall results of Experiment 1 in every recall condition compared to those of Experiment 2, were explained in terms of memory organization differences depending on the difference of affects between two Experiments. The self-generation effect in the modifier recall were explained by spreading activation from the related node, such as nouns. The organizational aspect of the memory was also explained in terms of the degree of the connection of nodes in the network.View full abstractDownload PDF (1771K) -
MOTOKI WATABE1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 171-182
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccording to some theoretical research in social dilemmas (SD), “the trigger strategy”, in which an actor cooperates as long as all other members cooperate in an iterated SD, is very effective in solving the free-rider problem. When all members adopt“the trigger strategy”, cooperation is reasonable, because as soon as someone defects, all other members immediatly defect. Thus, no one can be a free-rider. The purpose of this research was to test this theoretical hypothesis experimentally. In short, we tested whether members came to adopt strategies like“the trigger strategy”in an iterated SD. The results of this experiment supported the hypothesis. The most basic strategy of all submitted strategies was“GENERALIZED TIT-FOR-TAT”, in which an actor decides between cooperation or defection based on the number of cooperators in the past trial. As the experiment continued, this“GENERALIZED TIT-FOR-TAT”strategies came to be like“the trigger strategy”. This transformation may be explained by the transformation of“elementary cooperation”into“instrumental cooperation” (Yamagishi, 1986).View full abstractDownload PDF (2012K) -
MIDORI KOKUBO1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 183-195
Published: November 20, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study exmined the effects of environmental uncertainty (EU) and participation in decision making (PDM) on employee job satisfaction (JB). This study used the Organizational Expecptancy Theory (Sakashita, 1985) and the Schuler's model (Schuler, 1980) as the paradigm for an analysis. Based on these two models, this study proposes a new model. The following four hypotheses were constructed. First of all, the negative relationship between EU and role perception was hypothesized. Secondly it was hypothesized that EU would decrease JB and that role perception would intervene between them. Thirdly, the positive relationship between PDM and role perception was hypothesized. Finally, it was hypothesized that; (1) PDM would have a positive effect on JB regardless of the degree of EU, (2) EU would have a negative effect on JB regardless of the degree of PDM, (3) the greater EU would be, the greater the effect that PDM increases JB would be. Questionnaires were administered to 102 empolyees working in 41 different organizations. Results mostly supported the four hypotheses. And the new model was partially substantiated by the data.View full abstractDownload PDF (2110K) -
1992 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 204
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (49K)
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