The present study investigates unique behaviors shown by infants living at a residential nursery. Eighteen newborn to eight-month-old infants were observed in a residential nursery in Japan for six months. The following three phenomena were identified; (1) Infants' (about two-month-old) social smiles were likely to be directed to nurses who was holding and smiling at another infant than those who was holding and smiling at themselves; (2) Infants (about six-month-old) were likely to show exploratory behaviors that were not accompanied by emotional expressions while paying little attention to nurses beside themselves; (3) Infants (about eight-month-old) were likely to be afraid of stuffed aminals which would sufficiently attract infants at nomal homes. These three phenomena were theoretically considered from the perspective of Masachi Osawa's sociological theory of body.

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This study examined the explanation that evaluative judgment facilitates memory in self-reference and social reference (Ferguson, Rule, & Carson, 1983). In Experiment 1, effects of a personal like-dislike rating task and a social-preference rating task on free recall were compared. The result showed that performance of two conditions were the same. This result supported Ferguson et al. (1983). In Experiment 2, subjects rated same word in two different tasks. Most correlation coefficients of rating values of two different tasks were low. In Experiment 3, the task facilitation paradigm (Klein, Loftus, & Burton, 1989) was used. Subjects were given two tasks in one succession. When same tasks were repeated, subjects judged faster than when different tasks executed. These results of Experiment 2 and 3 suggested that object of reference in the like-dislike rating task differed from that in the social-preference rating task. The results of three experiments implied that evaluative aspects of self and social criterion effect memory facilitation.

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The experiment reported in this paper supported a hypothesis that subjects who are more trusting of others in general (high-trusters) are more accurate than low-trusters in judging trustworthiness of others, the hypothesis derived from Rotter's (1980) claim that trust does not mean gullibility and from Kosugi & Yamagishi's (1995) finding that high-trusters are more responsive to information potentially revealing lack of trustworthiness in others than low-trusters. The result suggests that general trust or“default”expectation of other's trustworthiness in the lack of any information about the target is independent of judgment of a specific other's trustworthiness based on some information about that person. In other words, high-trusters are shown to be prudent people who pay careful attention to information potentially revealing other's lack of trustworthiness, rather than being gullible or naïve people.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in the dimensional structure of in-terpersonal perception and score changes on dimensions by means of“ierarchical Principal Component Analysis (HPCA), Murakami (1990) ”. Ninety-seven female college freshmen rated the impression of a same-sex freshman whom they initially encountered on twenty 7-point-scales. Identical subjects rated the same target person five times within eight months. They also completed the Repertory Grid Testmeasuring subject's cognitive complexity a year after the last impression ratings.
Major findings obtained were as follows: (1) Three common dimensions were extracted as a result of HPCA: “Personal Likability”, “Social Evaluation”and“Activity”. (2) Two independent dimensional scores on the same perceptual dimension were extracted during each of the five ratings. These were stable scores across five times and changing scores. (3) The patterns of change on the evaluative two dimensions and the activity dimension were different. (4) It was suggested that cognitive complexity is related to impressions of others during encounters.

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In the last few years a considerable number of studies have been done on relationships between social support and mental health. Nevertheless, many studies have pointed out that interpersonal relationships may sometimes become serious stressors. The purpose of this paper is to propose an interpersonal stress arousal process model which makes it possible to interpret effects of both positive and negative interpersonal relationships on mental health. This model is based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress appraisal and coping theories. StudyI showed that: (1) Size of social network determines network strain. (2) Network strain causes interpersonal stress events. (3) Interpersonal stress events are the most influential factor of distress. StudyII examined social support and revealed that the effect of social support was less significant than that of negative sides of interpersonal relationships on distress, even though the relationships between social network and social support were soundly confirmed. These results indicate the validity of the interpersonal stress arousal process model. Finally, further issues and perspectives concerned with this model are discussed.

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The present research aimed to demonstrate the coexistence of self-effacing and group-serving tendencies in attribution of success and failure in the Japanese culture. The following hypotheses were examined by two experiments: (1) Individuals within a group tend to make self-effacing attribution for their personal performance and group-serving attribution for performance of their group. (2) These tendencies appear more strongly when they express their attribution in the presence of ingroup members, because it reflects a selfpresentation strategy to gain one's positive public image.
The results of two experiments confirmed Hypothesis 1: The coexistence of self-effacing and group-serving tendencies was found. Both of these tendencies reflect an individual's motivation to support other members' esteem. At the same time, group-serving attribution could be understood as a way of indirect self-enhancement. On the other hand, the results provided mixed support for Hypothesis 2. These results, however, suggest that group-serving attribution is not a mere self-presentation strategy toward ingroup members, but a more deeply internalized tendency of the Japanese people.

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In order to investigate the present state of the physical and mental health of the victims of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, one survey was carried out on 415 victims (191 men, 224 women) who were living in temporary housing built outside of the stricken disaster area. The survey was conducted between January 20-31, 1996, approximately one year after the earthquake. One hundred and one responses were returned which indicated the following results.
As for physical problems, both men and women experienced stiff shoulders and backache. Men increased their alcohol consumption more than women. On the other hand, women experienced more specific physical effects, such as stomatitis and constipation. In terms of mental health measured by GHQ (Fukunishi, 1990), 50% of male victims and 78% of female victims who completed GHQ20 were categorized as in the high risk group.
In general, women's physical and mental health were more severely affected than men's.

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This article reviews past studies on threat appeals from the viewpoint of protection motivation theory (PMT) proposed by Rogers (1975, 1983). First, four working hypotheses to test PMT were provided to arrange PMT in a systematic order. Then the findings from the experimental studies were reviewed on the basis of four hypotheses, the following trends were noted: 1) each of the communicative information (magnitude of noxiousness, probability of occurrence, effectiveness of coping response, and self-efficacy) initiates receivers' corresponding cognition independently, 2) four variables (severity, probability, response efficacy and self-efficacy) are positively related to and response costs is negatively related to persuasive effects, 3) however, there are some cases where increments in threat appraisal (severity or probability) have no effect or inhibit persuasive effects when coping appraisal (especially, response efficacy) is low, 4) cognitive variables explain larger proportion of the variance in persuasive effects than fear.
Finally, it was suggested that future studies should investigate the following two points: 1) the effects of rewards and response costs on threat appeals, and 2) conceptual overlap of each cognitive variable in PMT.

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The main purpose of this article is to give an overview of the social identity research: one of the principal approaches to the study of intergroup relations in social psychology. Theoretically important elements are highlighted, and some of the controversial issues are pointed out. Basic aspects and major theoretical accounts of ingroup favouritism-a resulting phenomenon in intergroup situations-are discussed.

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