The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of location on one's feeling under gaze concealed. In experiment I, a pair whose eyes were consealed was arranged in one of three location (front, diagonal, side) and four direction of his/her body (front, back, right, left) and investigated his/her feelings. ANOVA revealed that: (1) one's tension was high in front>diagonal>side order. (2) one's intimacy was strengthened when a pair was seated in symmetry arrangements. In experiment II, the instruction was about the location of his/her position and compared the following two condition. In one condition, subjects were asked to change the location and direction of his/her body, in the other condition, subjects were asked to change the direction of his/her body orientation and stable in his/her location. The results were as follows: (1) The tension was highest in front of the other, but there were no difference between diagonal and side regardless of changing the seats. (2) There were no effects of any factors in intimacy.

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The Great Hanshin Earthquake brought up many emergent issues. Particularly, how to organize and how to manage emergency shelters were serious problems. Because it was not until the earthquake that people noticed the importance of a long-range support for refugees, e. g., to assist mental and economic reconstruction. The role of emergency shelters had limited to the short-term treatment for the refugees, e. g., to provide minimum necessities of lives before we experienced the huge earthquake. The present study clarifies on the basis of an intensive interview for the leader of the shelter how “A” Elemetary School realized both a short-term or primary and a long-range or secondary support for refugees. The key to success was that the leader in “A” community with strong initiative took a role of the leader in the shelter and changed the organizing principle over time. It started from exclusive initative of the leader, and then close collaboration between the refugees and volunteers from outside, and finally a self-government by refugees with the assistance of a local government.

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The present study examined the effects of instrumental and/or socio-emotional behavior of a friend on stress reactions and task performance. A 2 (presence or absence of instrumental behavior) ×2 (presence or absence of socio-emotional behavior) ×2 (high or low legitimacy) factorial design was used. Ninety-one college-age females as subjects and their close same-sex friends as confederates participated in the experiment. Dependent variables were mean blood pressure (MBP) as a physiological stress reaction, state anxiety as a psychological stress reaction, and the level of performance in a simple arithmetic task. Instrumental behavior had a facilitating effect on task performance in the high legitimacy condition. Socio-emotional behavior showed a buffering effect on physiological stress reaction when the friend did not engage in instrumental behavior in the low legitimacy condition. These findings suggested that the legitimacy accounted for the differences between leadership and social support processes.

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In this study we investigated the relationship between personality traits and adjustment among foreign students in Japan. Sixty-two foreign students were selected as subjects, and a data were collected by means of questionnaires.
As elements seemed to affect adjustment of subjects, achievement orientation and harmony orientation were selected. Subsequently, subjects were assorted four types (achievement orientation [high, low] × harmony orientation [high, low]) by each orientation's average scores.
As the result of ANOVA, we confirmed that high achievement orientation and high harmony orientation type was most adjustable. Secondly, we used ANOVA to clarify effect of each orientation on adjustment, and we confirmed that main effects of each orientation and interaction of each orientation were significant.
Subsequently, to clarify relationship among elements except psychological variables, psychological variables and adjustment, we used second-order factor analysis. As the result of it, we confirmed that achievement orientation and harmony orientation were closely related to adjustment in Japan as well as support from friends and ability of Japanese language. Subsequently, to clarify relationship among elements except psychological variables, psychological variables and adjustment, we used second-order factor analysis. As the result of it, we confirmed that achievement orientation and harmony orientation were closely related to adjustment in japan as well as support from friends and ability of Japanese language.

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Three studies and supplement study were conducted to investigate the relations of ingroup-and-outgroup difference and ingroup consensus estimation. In Study 1 and its replication Study 2 hypothesized that the greater informed difference between ingroup and outgroup regarding certain topic (universally evaluated quality or variably evaluated quality) would elicit a higher level of ingroup consensus estimation. In the two studies using university students, the hypothesis was partially confirmed. The supplement study revealed that when the topic was evaluated as relevant for the relationship of two particular groups, the instructions of the intergroup difference changed the level of the ingroup consensus estimation as predicted. In Study 3 using the businessman sample, there were positive correlations between the degree of perceived intergroup difference and the level of ingroup consensus estimation regardless of the topics. It was suggested based upon these results that the perception of intergroup difference between ingroup and outgroup is related to the level of ingroup consensus estimation when the issue is evaluated as relevant for the particular intergroup relationship.

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A number of volunteer groups, which sprang up after the Great Hanshin Earthquake to help victims of the killer earthquake, were sustained not only by spontaneous volunteers who rushed there individually but by members of established organizations. They came from (a) industrial organizations, (b) semi-governmental non-profit foundations, (c) non-governmental organizations, and (d) associations. To clarify the backgrounds of the movement, intensive interviews were conducted with participants in the organized relief activites. The results showed that changes in Japanese organizational characteristics in the 80s triggered the dramatic rise of volunteerism and growing interest in it in the 90s. People from those organizations cooperated with each other over the established boundaries between them in the emergency because they are less tightly linked to their organizations than before. The results also indicated that the relationships between Japanese volunteer groups and the two major established organizations (i. e., government offices and private companies) can be classified into five categories: (a) have no connection with them, (b) support their functions, (c) be a third, independent sector, (d) substitute for them temporarily in an emergency, and (e) coordinate with them in a network. While (a) and (b) were dominant in the 70s and 80s, (e) will become popular in the 90s.

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The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the organization of perception of high-technology benefit by using factor analysis; (2) to construct a two-dimensions cognitive map of perception of high-technology benefit; and (3) to demonstrate the degree of predictability of public acceptance from the two factors of benefit perception of technologies and their products by means of multiple reglession analysis. Using the 9-scale 30-item questionnaire, a survey was carried out in Tokyo in 1994 with sample subjects chosen from male and female college students.
The result of factor analysis showed that perception of high-technology benefit appears to consist of two factors-the “closeness” and the “promise for future”. The result of multiple reglession analysis indicated that the “promise for future” factor was more important than the “closeness” factor in enhancing public acceptance of technologies and their products.

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The relationship between three leadership behaviors (Pressure, Planning and Maintenance) and subordinate morale and preference to the leader moderated by subordinate status, skill level, need for autonomy and task characteristic is examined. Sumple is consists of sports club members at Okayama Univ.
The results are as follows.
1. For subordinate high status, Planning has positive effectiveness. In addition, for subordinate low status, Maintenance has positive effectiveness.
2. For subordinate high skill level, Planning has positive effectiveness, and Pressure has negative effectiveness. In addition, for subordinate low skill level, Maintenance has positive effectiveness.
3. For subordinate law need for autonomy, Planning has positive effectiveness, and Pressure has negative effectiveness. In addition, for subordinate high need for autonomy, Maintenance has positive effectiveness.
4. For the difference of the task characteristic, no signifigant differences are found in relationship between leader behavior and subordinate morale and preference to the leader.

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Rapid economic growth in the 1960s caused a decline in rural, underpopulated communities accompanied by overpopulation in large cities in Japan. Until the late 1970s, rural communities had reached an economic status that was almost as high as that of large cities. Still, rural areas were not attractive enough for many young people to decide to continue to live in their hometowns. One of the major reasons young people chose to leave was that rural communities remain conservative and closed. It was emphasized in the present paper that the decline was no longer an economic problem, but one that might be addressed by interdiscilinary efforts of group dynamics (or social psychology) and civil engineering (or regional planning).

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Given the ages of communication to follow in the next century, this paper focuses on the immigration process of outsiders into mountainous communities in Japan by analyzing the notion of “habitant”. With Oguni Town, Kumamoto Prefeture as a case study area, illustration has been proposed to identify differences in types of habitants, such as inhabitants, semi-habitants and trans-habitants, from among those outsiders who practically reside in Oguni. The case study has contributed a great deal to the fostering and vitalization of these proposed notions. In conclusion further extensions have been suggested to improve their applicabilty and practicality, especially, related to vitalization of mountainous regions.

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The present study described the progress toward revitalizing a rural, underpopulated community in Chizu, Tottori Prefecture in Japan. The process was examined using the sociological theory of norm development proposed by Masachi Osawa. The theory suggests that norm development is paralleled by inter-bodily construction of transcendentality. In the Chizu case, an innovative norm was created by just two residents. Its influence expanded (the number of people who obeyed the norm) and gradually changed the normative premises on which the vast majority of ordinary residents grasp their community.

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