Using 454 college students, experiment I examined the effects of issue-prominence on the bargaining choices in agreement games. The results indicated that in prominence games prominent alternatives coordinated expectations, but that in noprominence games distinctive expectations did not emerge. In experiment II, which uses 60 college students, the subjects engaged in 2-person agreement games. One of the subjects could make a commitment by choosing first and informing the other of his choices before the other's choice. Bargaining efficiency, ie. the number of agreements, did not differ among the conditions. But the contents of agreements differed clearly. In the congruent condition, where the subject who made a commitment could also take advantage of prominence, the agreements were clearly on his side. In the no-prominence condition, the agreements favored the subject who chose first. In the non-congruent condition, the agreement were favorable to the subjects who took advantage of prominence but did not make a commitment. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of role expectation upon bargaining.

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Uniqueness is defined by Snyder and Fromkin (1977, 1980) as a posession of positive difference from other people, which plays an inherent role in personal identity. But this notion is not reflected in the Uniqueness Theory. From this standpoint a prediction was made that uniqueness seeking behavior would be more likely to occur when an individual perceives a threat to his self - perceived uniqueness with regard to attributes that are more important to his self- identity and positive self- evaluation, or in his overall personality, than when he perceives it with regard to attributes that are less important. In order to test this hypothesis and to explore the responses of high and low need for uniqueness subjects, an experiment was carried out in a 3 (uniqueness deprivation feedback attributes : high importance/low importance/overall personality) × 2 (need for uniqueness : high/low) factorial design, wherein emotional and behavioral responses to the feedback were measured. Subjects were 48 undergraduate students, of whom 21 were male and 27 female. Results supported this hypothesis concerning the effects of feedback. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of attributes in maintaining the self - perception of uniqueness.

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The effects of dyad relations on the degree of agreement (congruency) between self-perception and the evaluations of personality perceived by partner were explored using seventh graders as subjects. In study 1, 42 mutual (MP) and 47 unilateral (UP) friendship pairs were selected. Each partner in each pair was asked to choose 5 personality traits from 30 traits which deemed to describe properly (a) the self and (b) the self perceived by the partner. The congruency between (a) and (b), and content of the both agreement and/or disagreement characteristics were analized. MP, opposed to the chooser in UP, showed high congruency between (a) and (b), and perceived more positive evaluations by partner. In study 2, conducted four-months after study 1 (using the same subjects group), 20 maintained mutual (MM), 6 growing mutual (GM), and 11 decayed mutual (DM) pairs were selected. The congruency didn't show significant difference between those 3 types of mutual pairs and no difference was found between 1st and 2nd investi gations. Analysis of the contents of the agreement and/or disagreement, however, indicated that MM consistently perceived positive evaluations by partner and DM became to assume that partner was becoming aware of the subjects' negative personality traits.

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The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effects of the presence of an observer on selfevaluating behavior and on heart rate in a choice reaction setting. Thirty-six university undergraduates were divided into two groups for the experiment. Group 1 (Alone) was administered in isolation a choice reaction task only. Group 2 (Observed) was given a choice reaction task under two different conditions, first with the subjects in isolation and second with the subjects in front of an audience. After the subjects had made a choice, they evaluated the accuracy of their own performance in a selfevaluation procedure. All subjects were asked to allow his or her pulse to be recorded via an earlobetip pulse sensor. Latency was found to be substantially longer in the presence of an audience in the case of self-evaluating (Fig. 1), especially when the subjects made self-rewarding responses (Fig. 2). Heart rate was found to be responsive to audience manipulations during the delay periods (Fig. 3). The results point to inadequacies in the drive theory of social facilitation and lend support to the self-presentation view, which proposes that subjects may administer self-praise more carefully when attempting to exhibit socially valued behavior in others' presence.

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The purpose of this study was to confirm the negativity bias in changes in impressions. The effects of the subjects' attributions regarding the stimulus person on the formation of impressions were also examined. The subjects (95 undergraduates) were requested to read either a positive or negative discription of the stimulus person in order to form impressions of him. Each description consisted of two different types, one with cues expected to induce situational attributions and one without. After 10-minute distraction, the subjects were requested to read the other description and to rate their impressions again. One week later, the subjects were asked to rate their recent impressions of the stimulus person without being manipulated or provided with any additional information on the stimulus person. The results revealed that negative impressions were more resistant to changes and more persistent even one week later. The introduction of the situational cues failed to manipulate the subjects' attributions. Furthermore, it is suggested that model behaviors have a dominant influence on both the evaluation and activity dimensions of impressions.

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This study examined how and to what degree consumers retained information on the attributes of a number of alternatives after decision making. Fifty-nine undergraduate students carried out a multi-alternative choice task and, subsequently, were asked to recall the attributes of each alternative. The results were as follows: (1) the recall rate of attribute information in the late phase of decision making was higher than those in the early and middle phases; (2) the recall rate of attribute information following the intra-alternative process strategy was higher than those resulting from other processes such as the inter-alternative process strategy; (3) attribute information evaluated negatively were recalled less often than those evaluated positively. Results 1 and 2 suggested that information accessed to establish a representation of a limited number of alternatives in the late phase, was more likely to be recalled. Result 3 indicated that negative information which had led to the exclusion of alternatives in the early phase, were given less or no attention in subsequent phases. Furthermore, it was found that attributes of an alternative which had been second in the frequency of access were retrieved as well as an alternative chosen right at the end, although retrieval of other alternatives was extremely low. The results suggested a plausible hypothesis for the assumption of the existance of a stage that covers two alternatives.

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This experiment was conducted to compare the conformity rates in the case of the suddenly formed consensus and in that of the gradually formed consensus in elective task. Moreover, the effects of public self-consciousness scores in conformity were tested. Subjects were 35 (10 males and 25 females) college students. The results were as follows. The conformity rates under the suddenly formed consensus condition were higher than that under the gradually formed consensus condition. However, follow ing the experiment, no difference was found between the suddenly formed consensus condition and the gradually formed consensus condition with regard to the amount of private acceptance. And High public self-consciousness scorers conformed more than low scorers.

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