Why do people watch TV, listen to the radio, read newspapers, and so on? Although a lot of investigstors have tried to explain it, there is as yet no definite explanation. However, there is some evidence which suggests that exposure to mass media is motivated by an elementary, unconcious drive, i. e. ‘need for stimulation’.
If it is true, it is expected that there is a positive correlation between the level of the need for stimulation and the frequency of exposure to mass media. The present paper reports research which attempts to demonstrate it.
Children from 8 to 11 years old were used as subjects. The level of need for stimulation is measured by the kinesthetic aftereffects task which was at first developed dy Kohler and his colleague. The results show that frequency of TV-watching, radio-listening, and book-reading are positively correlated with the level of stimulation need. As for comic-reading, there is no correlation.
The level of the need for stimulation is also correlated with the frequency of many other activities. This shows that this need motivates a variety of human behavior. It is also demonstrated that we are unconcious of the existence of this need. These results seem to support our expectations.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of P-M leadership patterns on subordinates' responsibility, satisfaction, and turnover. The mechanism of effects was analyzed by the suborbinate's percieved influence and the difference of percieved influence between supervisor and subordinate.
Ss were 73 males engaged in the crane operation. They were administered by some questionaires. The results indicated higher satisfaction and less turnover in PM-type than in pm-type. The subordinates percieved higher interpersonal influence in PM-type than pm-type. The higher they perceived the interpersonal influence, the more they have responsibility and satisfaction, and the less turnover. The difference of influence between supervisor and subordinate was larger in pm-type than PM-type.
The more the difference of influence, the less the subordinate had responsibility and satisfaction, and the higher the turnover. The influence of decision (participation) had no effects on turnover.

View full abstract

This study aims at an investigation of differences of information seeking and acceptance before and after the public expression of judgmental decision.
1138 high school students were divided into 16 conditions, which were composed of four indevariables. These variables were judgmental stage (before or after the public expression of judgment), communicator-communicatee similarity of attitude (similar or dissimilar), communicator-communicatee difference of cue information (same or different), and communicator-communicatee consistency of judgment (consistent or inconsistent). After the instruction about the communicator's attitude, cue information, and judgment, subjects rated their desire to read communicator's reasoning for his judgment. And after reading the reasoning, they rated their judgmental confidence.
The results were as follows;
(1) Before the public expression of judgment, there was no effect of judgmental consistency on information seeking. And under the conditions where attitude was similar, information from one who had different cue information was sought more than information from one who had the same cue information.
(2) After the public expression of judgment, inconsistent information was avoided under the conditions where communicator and communicatee had the same cue information and where their attitude was similar.
(3) By consistent information, judgmental confidence increased significantly when attitude was dissimilar before the public expression. But after the public expression, it increased significantly when attitude was simiar.
(4) By inconsistent information, judgmental confidence increased significantly when attitude was dissimilar before the public expression. But after the public expression, it decreased significantly only when communicator had the same cue information and attitude was similar.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mutual cognition between child and parents for parental leadership by factor analysis.
Subjects are junior highschool students 140 (Male; 75. Female; 65) and their parents.
Factor analyses are done separately upon the correlation super matrices 52×52 (parental cognitive items 26; child's cognitive items 26) of four groups (75 pairs of son-father and son-mother, 65 pairs of daughter-father and daughter-mother) The following results are found;
Performance factor contains the control and autonomy items in parents and the control and care items in child.
Maintenance factor contains the emotional support and care items in parents and emotional support and autonomy items in child.
The results are discussed that the common and cross dimension must be considered for the mutual cagnition between child and parents.

View full abstract

To examine the effects of several factors upon judgement of personality, 8 stimulus persons, presented through video-tape, were rated on 25 scales by 36 subjects.
The analysis of variance was performed on data for each scale separately, and the following results were obtained:
1. In Japan as well as in the United States and Germany, the effect of wearing glasses upon judgement of intelligence was confirmed. The stimulus persons were judged more intelligent when they wore glasses than when they did not.
2. Argyle's notion that the effect of wearing glasses upon judgement of intelligence is limited to situations in which only insufficient information is available about the stimulus person was not supported, because no significant interaction was found between the glasses (present vs. absent) and exposure (still for 15 sec. vs. 1ive for 3 min.) variables.
3. Statistically significant effects of the glasses variable were found in 13 scales for a variety of personality traits including intelligence.
4. Sex of stimulus persons had little influence upon judgment of personality under thepresent exper imental situation.

View full abstract