The purpose of this study is to examine some fundamental dimensions of expression of nonverbal behavior (NB) through analysis of dyadic interactions. Twenty pairs of subjects were divided into four experimental groups; (male pair, female pair) × (unfamiliar, familiar). They were instructed to talk with each other about “a part time job” for fifteen minutes, and this was recorded by two video cameras. Two minute interactions were sampled from both pre-instruction situation and fifteen minute conversation. The frequencies, total durations, and mean durations of 8 NB items (gaze, smile, leaning forward, leaning backward, turning away, speech, silence, nodding by speaker) and 8 unit NB (UNB) items (nodding by listenter, smile back, reaction to speech, silent synchrony, imitative synchrony, following synchrony, concurrent synchrony, mirroring posture) were measured. As for“nodding by speaker” and UNB items apart from “posture mirroring”, only frequencies were measured. Factor analysis of all behavioral variables yielded four factors; Contact, Relaxation, Approach, Avoidance. Sequential analysis which describes succeeding behavior patterns indicated that there are individual specific pattcrns; from Silence (that is, not Contact) to Contact, from Contact to Relaxation, from Avoidance to Approach. As a result, I assumed three dimensions in the expression of NB; “Contact-Silence”, “Relaxation-Tension”, and “Approach-Avoidance”. Correlation between scores on each dimension and each psychological index (e. g. estimation of affects, estimation of the other person) characterized each dimension. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the three dimensions accounted for 73.4% of “degree of involvement” which is related to important NB function. Therefore the validity of explaining expressive aspect of NB in terms of these three dimensions was supported. The result from analysis of only NB items (except UNB items) was almost the same as that from analysis of all items. As sequential analysis shows, the same behavior is often repeated between individuals, which suggested that most NB often constitutes UNB. That seemed to be why UNB didn't make any distinctive contribution.

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The purpose of this study is to explain self-disclosure intimacy and change of real-ideal self discrepancies using levels of objective self-awareness (OSA), interviewer feedback, real-ideal self discrepancies, following Duval & Wicklund's theory of objective self-awareness (1972). 56 female subjects were divided into groups of either high or low levels of discrepancies by pretest. Subjects were exposed to either their own tape-recorded voices (high OSA) or another's voice (low OSA) before disclosing on a series of topics given by a interviewer. The interviewer responded either in an accepting or a non-accepting manner to the subjects. The experiment showed that (1) high levels of OSA resulted in more intimate disclosure in response to accepting interviewer than to non-accepting interviewer feedback, but low levels of OSA did not. (2) The change of real-ideal self discrepancies amomg the low levels of discrepancy group was not affected by any variables in this experiment. However, among the high levels of discrepancy group, high OSA led to increasing discrepancies in the case of non-accepting interviewer feedback.

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The present study was conducted to investigate the differences between cognition of mildly-depressed and non-depressed people concerning severity of undesirable events. Achievement and interpersonal situations were selected as experimental situations and three severity levels were set up for each situation. Subjects were divided into three groups by SDS (self-rating depression scale) scores and the upper third was taken as “mildly-depressed” and the lower third was taken as “non-depressed”. Subjects read short sentences which describe achievement situations or interpersonal situations and rated how they liked each situation. Results were such that mildly-depressed did not distinguish severity of the situations while non-depressed did. There found no difference between likability ratings of mildly-depressed and non-depressed. The relationships between undistinguishing cognitive tendency, globality dimension of attributional style and cognitive complexity of mildly-depressed should be taken into consideration. To investigate the role of this tendency not to distinguish severity of undesirable events of mildly-depressed in generation and maintenance of depression would be an important theme in the future research.

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The present study was designed to explore the effects of message repetition and the amount of threat on the acceptance or rejection of persuasion. Two factors were involved in the experiment, i, e., the frequency (one, three, or five times) of message presentations, and the amount of threat (low or high), which constituted, then, a 2×3 factorial design. The subjects were exposed to the proattitudinal message from a taperecorder. By using a questionnaire, effects of the message were then measured from various aspects. Positive effects of persuasive message were found in the low threat condition, but resistance to persuasion was induced in the high threat condition. Interaction effects between message repetition and the amount of threat were found in the measures of message evaluation and the opinion. Message effects first increased, then decreased as the frequency of exposure increased in the low threat condition, but opposite results were found in the high threat condition. The results were discussed in terms of the theory of psychological reactance and the elaboration likelihood model.

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This study reports on the results of three experiments investigating the modes of resolution with inconsistent information. Ninety subjects were given 11 disposition terms which involved the discrepant dispositions. The task was to describe the impressions of stimulus person. The results showed it was confirmed that 80% of subjects described the person who had both discrepant dispositions. And 7 categories for modes of resolution with inconsistent information were classified. Then it was shown that the estimations of the “logical consistency”, “reality for an image of person” and “introspection of person” were differernt between groups of modes of resolution (I, II, III). In other words when we integrate inconsistent information in terms of more organaized mode, the estimation of the introspection of person was higher. Therefore it was suggested that there is a close relationship between the organized integration on the inconsistent information and the level of cognitive resolution.

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The purpose of this study is to construct nonverbal skill scale and social skill scale as subconcepts of interpersonal competence. Data were collected from university students (68 males and 174 females). From the factor analysis of nonverbal skill items, two factors were extracted: nonverbal expressionless-ness and control, and nonverbal sensitivity. From the factor analysis of social skill items, three factors were extracted: maintenance of intimate relationships, initiation of new relationships, and self-assertiveness. Validity of these scales were confirmed by exsisting similar scales (affective communication test and self-monitoring) and some other variables (the number of siblings, the number of friends, lonliness and the change of lonliness, and exsistence of the boy/girl friend).

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The purpose of this article is to verify the existence of ambivalence in “Fear of Success” and the factor which cause it. Two isvestigation were carried out by undergraduate students (first investigation: 161 females and 193 males. second investigation; 139 females and 118 males). Questionnairs are composed of fear of success scale, which is almost the same as that used in many other studies, and scenario study, which mesures how positively or negatively people consider their own and other people's success in a success situation. The results express ambivalence clearly in both females and males. And sex difference was qualitative rather than quantitive. Among females 'interests in others' was important factor for ambivalence, but among males 'littie need for superiority' was important factor for ambivalence.

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