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Volume 47 (2007 - 200･･･
- Issue 2 Pages 91-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 47, Issue 1
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Hiroaki Morio2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 1-12
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDynamic Social Impact Theory (DSIT) predicts consolidation and clustering at the group level, as individuals engage in mutual social influence processes. The current study expanded the paradigm proposed by Latané & L’Herrou (1996) to examine whether the predictions of DSIT holds under a more naturalistic condition. Unlike Latané & L’Herrou’s study, no instruction was given to facilitate or promote compliance. Once a week for five weeks, participants communicated with others through a computer network on two topics of moral dilemmas. Results partly confirmed the effect of the social influence process at the individual level. At the group level, clustering of opinions was observed without consolidation. These results were discussed with implication to theoretical studies on DSIT using computer simulations.
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Katsuya Yamori, Kao Yu-Chieh2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 13-25
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe conducted action research at a senior high school in Wakayama Prefecture, in order to boost and maintain the preparedness of the local people toward a major earthquake. When planning to deal with disaster events in the long term, with a return period of over 100 years, building a community-based learning system is more important than simply developing the knowledge and skills of individuals. Thus, we developed a concrete, practical, model for creating a participative and lasting “community of practice” (Lave and Wenger, 1991), rather than conducting temporary, unidirectional, learning activities. In this study, gaming served as a key tool for activating collaborative learning in minimizing earthquake victimization for various stakeholders, such as high school students, local government officers, disaster relief NGO members, and disaster management experts. The results are discussed from the perspective of gaming and disaster reduction theory and practice.
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Miki Ozeki, Toshikazu Yoshida2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 26-38
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to inquire about organizational climate effects on the occurrence of thoughtless behaviors, and the effect of group identity on the perception of thoughtlessness within varsity clubs. Organizational climate was measured through two subscales, Management scale (M) and Frankness scale (F). The M scale assessed perceived functional maintenance of a group, while the F scale assessed perceived freedom to express one’s thoughts or attitudes within a group. Organizational climate perceived by each participant was grouped into three categories according to the subscale scores. Perceived functional maintenance negatively affected perceptions of thoughtless behaviors within a group, and frankness negatively affected perceptions of interpersonal thoughtless behaviors. Thoughtless behaviors in group were perceived more in clubs with high M than in clubs with low M and high F, and members with high group identity perceived more thoughtless behaviors in group. Organizational climate and group identity did not affect perception of interpersonal thoughtless behaviors.
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Tomoko Adachi2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 39-50
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Japan, young part-time workers are referred to as a freeter. Recently, it has been observed that affirmative attitudes toward the freeter have become widely diffused among Japanese youth. This study investigated the factor structure of this affirmative attitude, and relationships between outcome expectations and attitudes were examined. Outcome expectations were assessed by subjective estimation of advantages and disadvantages of living a life as a freeter. Participants were students (N=588; 333 females, 253 males, 2 unknown) attending universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools located in the Kanto area. The result of exploratory factor analysis of the affirmative attitudes toward freeter revealed three factors named “social contribution of freeters”, “freeters as a tentative process”, and “enthusiastic sympathy for freeters”. Causal analysis using structural equation modeling indicated the following: positive appraisals such as, “people can enrich one’s experience by working as a freeter,” were a significant positive determinant of the affirmative attitudes in general. Conversely, negative appraisals such as, “a past record as a freeter would impede future career development,” were a significant negative determinant of freeter as a tentative career process. Based on these results, it was concluded that guiding youth toward accurately assessing the merits and demerits of being a freeter have an effect to change attitudes toward future career among youth.
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Manabu Fujimoto, Ikuo Daibo2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 51-60
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the speakers’ utterance tendencies from the perspective of conversational development within small groups. Forty-eight undergraduates (18-men and 30-women) participated in an experimental setting consisting of a small-group conversation, varying task conditions by discussion, or casual conversation. Three same-sex participants who were strangers to each other were allocated into each small group, and were asked to either deliberate and reach conclusion on an assigned matter, or to just become familiarized with each other, each session lasting 18 minutes. For each conversation task, principle components analysis was conducted to determine conversational development patterns. Multiple linear regression was conducted on each factor, to examine what personal dispositions affected the conversation pattern. As a result, it was found that extroversion and expressiveness influenced active conversation in the discussion condition, while little connection between personal traits and conversation characteristics were evident in the casual conversation condition. Discussion was conducted on the relationship between dispositions and utterance patterns in each task.
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Short Articles
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Yukiko Nakayama, Yoshiyuki Matsumoto2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 61-68
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study investigated responses elicited by computerized voice guides on users. Because computerized voice guides operate autonomously, they can lower the users' sense of control over tasks, and hence, they might be cause for reactance. Users may likely devaluate the voice guide, and attribute failure to external causes, i.e. to the computer, such as to retain their sense of control. This supposition was tested in an experiment. Participants, 66 college female and male students, were presented problems formulated as questions, and provided with either positive or negative feedback regardless of their answers. In the text condition, written texts were presented on a computer monitor, and participants followed the directions. In the voice guide condition, the text was also displayed, but the it was read aloud in a synthesized voice. As predicted, in the voice guide condition, participants devaluated the computer. When given feedback of failure, they were confident that they would succeed in future attempts in the text condition, but not for voice guide. It was discussed that these results reflect the lack of sense of control imposed upon computerized voice guides on their users.
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Masayuki Harashima, Takashi Oguchi2007 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 69-77
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: January 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHigh self-esteem has been regarded as desirable. However, in an ego threatening situation, such as task failure, individuals with high self-esteem were likely to be more aggressive and violent than those with low self-esteem (Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996). Therefore, Jordan, Spencer, Zanna, Hoshino-Browne, and Correll (2003) postulated that the consideration of not only explicit self-esteem but also implicit self-esteem would predict various indicators of defensiveness, such as in-group favoritism. Results showed that persons with high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem were most defensive. These findings, however, were only examined by experimentally distributed group settings (i.e. minimal group paradigm). Our study explored the effects of explicit and implicit self-esteem on in-group favoritism in actual group settings. The results were consistent with the findings of Jordan et al. (2003). Nevertheless, it seemed that the effects would differ according to the situation.
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