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Volume 14 (1974)
- Issue 2 Pages 95-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 14, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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YASUKO SHIRAI1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 95-104
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to examine the communicator's attitude change induced by negative feed-back in a mutual influece setting. Fifty-eight male and female undergraduates served as Ss in this experiment and ran through it in a group of 4 of 6 persons. Commitment to persuasion attempt was varied by manipulating the amount of efforts to make the persuasive essay (writting and selecting). And discrepancies in attitudinal positions on the topic (necessity of the participation in student clubs) between Ss and their bogue partners were adjusted by manipulating the extent (large and small) of the partner's negative feedback to communicators. Before-after design was used to measure Ss' attitude changes.
The results were as follows.
1. There Was reverse relationship between ego-involvement and the boomerang effect.
2. The same relationship was also found between commitment and the boomerang effect.
3. There was positive and monotonic relationship between discrepancy-size and the boomerang effect.
Thus, under the large discrepancy conditions, when Ss were low-involved in the issue and not so committed to persuade their partners, they showed the greatest boomerang effect. On the contrary, highly involved Ss being given a small discrepancy under low commitment conditions showed little boomerang effect. Rather, they showed the change toward the partner's attitudinal positions.
The implication of the results was discussed in the view of the interactive effect of responseinvolvement, discrepancy-size, and a compartmentalization effect of commitment.View full abstractDownload PDF (873K) -
MASATOSHI YOSHIDA1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 105-112
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PM-style leadership conditions upon the performance and reminiscence of tasks with varying degrees of difficulty. The main results were as follows.
(1) Significant interaction effects were found between leadership conditions and task conditions regarding performancs in the sessions before and after intermissions. In other words, in preintermission sessions, PM was found superior to pm under successive learning conditons (easy task), whereas pm was superior to PM under switching learning conditions (difficult task). In post-intermission sessions, PM showed better performances than pm under successive learning conditons. Under switching learning conditions, however, no difference was found between PM and pm.
(2) Regarding reminiscence, PM showed significant reminiscence under both conditions. pm showed reminiscence only under switching learning conditions.
The results of this study was interpreted as meaning that PM-type leadership behavior causes high degree of motivation to the followers.View full abstractDownload PDF (727K) -
A tentative approach by means of the F ScaleTOSHIHIKO NISHIYAMA1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 113-122
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study purports to identify, as preliminary step toward evaluation, the actual, and not ideal, ego-functionings of religious personalities as those of Jyodo-Shinsyu, Zen Buddhism, Protestant and Catholic belief and Tenrikyo, since the ego-functioning is, undoubtedly, related to some of the objectives of religion revealed as authority-acquisitioning activity and maturing of personality.
The Adorno's F Scale was administered to 200 university students, consisting of 5 denominations, each of 40 subjects, majoring respectively their own religion in their denominational universities. The data were analysed by means of factor analyses, and factor-scores obtained were compared. The 4 factors extracted were identified as “Escapism, ” “Id Manifestivity, ” “Power Orientation, ” and “Tradition Orientation, ” the first and the third factor being negatively related to the Ego-function, and the second positively related to the Id-potency, and the fourth positively related to the Super-Ego-dominace. The following characteristics are our main findings:
1. The distinctive way of ego-functioning was empirically identified for each religion along with the multi-dimentional expression of SuperEgo, Id, and Ego functionings.
2. This multi-dimensionality was already indicative of partially functional and partially dysfunctional contribution of religion to the maturing of personality, anticipatedly refuting the stereo-typed perception of religion as “religion as an escape-mechanism. ”
3. This sort of functional approach is a promising strategy for the study of religion, so that, when matched with a consideration of its social implications, it could be a real existential approach in examining Authority-acquisiition.View full abstractDownload PDF (920K) -
KATSUHISA HASHIGUCHI1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 123-131
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to examine and make clear a riky shift phenomenon. In other words, it was attempted to explore the mechanism of diffusion of responsibility that was assumed to exist in a group decision-making situation, operating the extent to which the decision makers felt responsibility toward group members including themselves by varying the number of decision makers within the group.
The task was to bet on simple probability preference. The subjects were 130 first-year students (15 to 16 years old) of a girls commercial high school. The results of this study can be summarized as follows.
1. The larger the number of decision-makers within a group, i. e., the less responsibility they feel toward group members including themselves, the riskier the content of the decision.
2. In cases where there is just one decision-maker within a group, the decision-maker's decision is more cautious than a personal decision prior to the group situation.
The above results suggest that there exists a mechanism of diffusion of responsihility in a group discussion situation and that a risky shift phenomeon is caused by that mechanism.View full abstractDownload PDF (861K) -
TOSHITAKE TAKATA1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 132-138
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFestinger's (1954a, b) hypothesis that “To the extent that objective, nonsocial means are not available, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparison respectively with the opinions and abilities of others. ” was tested directly through a quasi-Crutchfield type conformity experiment.
Ss were required to judge one of two sets of auditory stimuli as greater than the other. These tasks were consisted of easy, difficult, and insoluble ones. Only when Ss pressed “social comparison button” on each trial, “others' responses” were displayed on a panel in Ss' cubicle. Some of Ss were informed the “objective judgement” to their response on each trial, and some were not (No information condition). The half of the former were informed that their responses were correct on two-thirds of trials (Information-correct condition), and the remaining Ss were informed twothirds of their responses were incorrect (Informa-tion-incorrect condition).
In No information condition, where no objective criteria for the correctness of Ss' responses were available, Ss pressed “social comparison button” most, to know others' responses. But in Information-correct condition, where most of Ss' responses were supported by the objective criteria, there were as many social comparison responses as in No information condition. In Informationincorrect condition, Ss pressed button on few trials. Task difficulty had no effect on the occurrence of social comparison responses.
As to these findings, two functoins of social comparison processes, i. e., informational and normative ones, were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (610K) -
YOSHIO SAKAMAKI1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 139-146
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was to examine in a laboratory situation the effects of communication structure and the degree of task performance upon the followers' perceptions of leadership functions.
A taped message was used to provide leadership behavior objectively as a same condition to all the subjects (followers). Introduced as communication structure were the two levels of the Wheel and Comcon types. Regarding the degree of task performance, high performance and low performance were introduced. Combining these things, four kinds of groups with different experimental conditions were formed; namely, Wheelhigh performance groups, Comcon-high performance groups, Wheel-low performance groups and Comcon-low perfomance groups. Each kind of these groups was made up of four experimental groups comprizing 4 subjects each. The following results were found. The main effect (p<. 10) of the factor of communication strcuture was found regarding the perception of the P function of leadership. The scores for the perception of the P function was higher in the Wheel condition than in the Comcon condition. The interaction among the three factors, i. e., communication structure, degree of task performance and sessions, was statistically significant (p<. 01). In the Wheel structure groups, the scores for perception of P function was high in low performance condition, and low in high performance condition, whereas in the Comcon structure, it was high in high performance condition and low in low performance condition.
As for the scores for M function, the main effect of the factor of session was statistically significant (p<. 005). In other words, the scores for perception of M function varied according to the number of sessions.View full abstractDownload PDF (663K) -
HISATAKA FURUKAWA1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 147-158
Published: December 31, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA great number of investigators have been concerned with the lawful relationships between job satisfaction and job performance. The indication through the review of these kinds of studies seem to disclose that they were inconsistent and unsuccessful in the sense that different study produced different result. A major reason for the inconsistency seem to consist in the lack of the theoretical formulation as to employees' work motivation.
The expectancy theory which was proposed by Vroom in 1964 has recently been discussed as a basic paradigm for the studies of human attitudes and behaviors in organizational situations.
The expectancy theory suggests that human effort to perform an act is to be related to the degree to which the act is seen as leading to various outcomes which he values.
In this paper, expectancy theory and ten experimental studies which tested the principles of the theory are summarized and reviewed. These studies are discussed critically in terms of several points such as the lack of discrimination between expectancy and instrumentality. The further extensions and modifications of the expectancy theory are suggested through this review.
Finally, some suggestions for the application of the expectancy theory to practice are discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1168K) -
1974 Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 165
Published: 1974
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (30K)
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