The aim of this study was to explore the several aspects of only one talking in dyadic communication situation in relation to their level of manifest anxiety and exprimental acquaintance condition.
Female students, tested by a modified form of Taylor's manifest anxiety scale (MAS), were divided into H (high anxious) -M (middle anxious), M-M and L (low anxious) -M groups. Each dyad was communicated with the verbal behavior only.
The main results were as follows:
1. H showed the greatest intensity of verbal activity among three anxiety groups. M talked most frequently, but the initial intensity level of verbal activity was maintained for all sessions. L had high frequency of passive intrusion into partner's utterance and the activity was similar to M's. In regard to the amount of verbal activity of each subject in H-M, L-M groups, the results were H>M, and L<M in each group.
2. It was showed that the interrelations among the intensities of the utterance were M (L) >M (H) >M (M) with passage of several sesions and M (M) was most high concerning with frequency of utterance. M (L) was most active in the continuity of verbal activity and passive intrusion into partner's utterance.
3. It was a general trend that verbal activity increased under no-acquaintance condition, in particular this trend was obvious in L (M) and M (L), while this tendency was not clear in M (M).
4. According to the distribution of only one talking duration, the proportion of very short utterances (less than one sec.) was above 40-50% in all groups and this distribution could be fit by a logarithmic curve.
5. Further, a positive linear correlation was shown between the individual level of manifest anxiety and the verbal activities in H-M, L-M groups. And the presence or absence of discrepancy in the level of manifest anxiety between the two subjects in each dyad was regarded to be consistent with the hypothesis of anxiety as arousal, the hypothesis of personality similarity-attraction and the theory of imbalance for causing tension in interpersonal perception.

View full abstract

The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the effects of game behavior and selfesteem on person perception.
The main resulte were as follows:
(1) When subjects won against others in the game, subjects came to perceive them undesirable. The female subjects had the especially strong tendency.
(2) When subjects were defeated by others in the game, subjects' perception of them changed desirablly. But this fact could not be found in the female subjects of low self-esteem.
(3) Subjects' perception more changed in undesirable direction than in desirable direction.
(4) Subjects'perception was more changeable in the attributes related to the stimulus presented in the game situation.

View full abstract

This study aimed at reanalysis of measurement scale of PM leadership pattern. The measurement of PM leadership was conducted by distributing a questionnaire to subordinates, asking them to rate their leaders. Subjects were 400 subordinates. Regarding questionnaire item to P (Performance) and M (Maintenanace) scale, we prepared two factors comprising 24 items. First, we conducted them normal varimax method, secondly group principal method for testing an independency of each scale.
Results were as follows: (1) There were three factors: Factor 1… group maintenance function, Factor 2… pressure factor of the performance function, Factor 3… planning factor of the performance function. (2) We proposed PM scale based on eight each of the Pand M items respectively, because correlation between P and M scale was r=. 184.

View full abstract

The purpose of the present study is to classify types of learning process in the perceptualmoter task under the four conditions of P-M leadership behavior by applying the factor analytic technique. The P-M leadership behavior conditions were PM, P, M, and pm types. The inverted hiragana printing task was carried out continuously and intensively by the subjects-high school girlswith its rest period 10 minites, pre-rest trials 40, post-rest trials 5, the time required for each of the pre-and post-rest trials 30 seconds.
The result are as follows:
(1) As to performance, P-M leadership behavior was significantly related to trials, i, e., in the comparatively earlier trials P-type tended to be higher; in the intermediate trials there was no significant difference among the four conditions; in the later trials, especially in the postrest trials, The performance was PM>M=pm, and P>M type.
(2) From the product moment correlations among trials three principal axis factors were extracted, and then, the axis of them were rotated orthogonally by the Kashiwagi's geomax method. Three factors of the motivation for performance in the first, the intermediate and the last stages were found. The factor score in the first stage of the subjects under the P type was the highest, no difference among four types in the factor score in the intermediate stage, and the subjects under the PM type showed the highest factor in the last stage.
(3) To examine the profile patterns made up of three factor scores, Cattell's rp coefficients among all subjects were factor-analyzed by centroid method, and six factors were rotated by geomax method. With the performance and the pattern of these six factors, all subjects were eventually classified into five types. More subjects that showed the performance below the average were found in the M and pm types. Among the subjects that showed the performance above the average, those of the falling pattern were found more in the P type.

View full abstract

Analysis of the data showed that the evaluation of the attitude objects (especially, a person) is predictable only from two informations without following the theory of Asch (1946), nor usmg a complicated average model which is the current stream of the studies of the impression formation.
They were as follows;
1) The knowledge of the simple average of the evaluations of the attitude object, which had been measured independently from the set of the attributes of it.
2) The knowledge of PWA (Personally Worst Attribute) which the auther had obtained by operating uniquely.

View full abstract

The purpose of this experiment is to testify the relation between the degree of anxiety and the process of attitude change on the bases of the 5 steps on attitude change proposed by Haraoka (1970).
In order to change the attitudes of the subjects, the persuasive communications were presented and then measuring by the GSR the extent to which the subjects aroused anxiety while being exposed to the communications.
The subjects were 69 college students. First, they were asked how many times they would like to be assigned reading and translation in the English class during one semester, and then their attiudes toward the importance of English in their life were measured. The subjects were then divided into three experimental groups, all of which were exposed to the same direction of persuasive commumication that “every student should be assigned at least once in every English class. ”
The peruasive communications were orientated in the same direction but differed among the three different groups in quantity and intensity. In order to measure the degree of their anxiety, we recorded the subjects' GSRs while they were receiving the persuasive communication. Finally they were asked to fill in the same questionaires as they had been given at first, by which we recorded how many times they would like to be assigned in the English class and measured their final attitudes toward the importance of English in their life.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows:
(1) Those who were exposed to the egoinvolved communication about the attiude object showed more attiude change and anxiety than those who were exposed to the noninvolved communication.
(2) Those whose GSRs were low at first, high in the middle, and low again in the end, making a ∩ curve while being exposed to the persuasive communication, showed significantly greater attitude change, than those whose GSRs were high at first and then gradually down with the time.
(3) The results of this experiment confirmed the hypothesis of 5 steps on attitude change process proposed by Haraoka.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the differences of perceptual responses to uniformers, conformers, non-conformers and anti-conformers, and to investigate the subjects' emotional loadings toward them. Thirty-one subjects were asked to judge the distance perception regarding photographs of uniformers, or of conformers, or of non-conformers, or of anti-conformers, on the size-distance table. The subjects who saw the uniformers' photograph changed its photograph toward the positive emotional direction on the size-distance table. The subjects who saw the photoghraph of conformers, or of non-conformers, or of anticonformers, changed its photograph toward the negative emotional direction on the sizedistance table.

View full abstract

[in Japanese]

View full abstract