The present study manipulated fear-arousal (fear, non-fear) and anonymity (high, low) in a 2×2 factorial design. From the theory of deindividuation (Zimbardo, 1969), the two varlables were expected to induce an internal state of deindividuation, and thereby disinhibit aggressive behavior.
Fifty-seven male undergraduates were randomly assigned to each of the four experimental groups. The subjects were asked either to take a pill which had side-effects (fear condition), or to take coffee (non-fear condition). In addition, the subjects in the low anonymity condition were asked their name and about their personal backgrounds, and they were always called by name during the experiment. They were also given a name tag to wear. In the high anonymity condition, subjects were not asked their name nor anything about their personal backgrounds. Instead, they were given a white robe to wear to decrease individuality.
The subjects were then given an opportunity to deliver electric shocks to another subject (confederate) through a Buss-type aggression machine. Both the intensity and duration of the shocks were recorded during the administration of aggression. Deilldividuation was measured on a postsession questlonnaire that assesed the subjects' memory of their own aggressive behavior.
Prior to statistical treatment, two orthogonal variates, direct aggression and indirect aggression, were identified by a principal component analysis of the aggression data. The effects of fear arousal and anonymity manipulation upon the variates were as follows: (a) fear arousal increased indirect aggresson but did not affect direct aggression; (b) anonymity manipulation affected direct aggression but did not affect indirect aggression. The questionnaire data did not confirm the mediation of the deindividuated intemal state.
It may be concluded that fear arousal and anonymity manipulation affected different aspects of aggressive behavior, though it remains uncertain whether or net the effects were mediated by the internal state of deindividuation.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the perceived interpersonal proximity on the verbal activity in a non-face-to-face dyadic conversation.
The Subjects were 48 female nursing school students. We had instituted a near-sociometric questionnaire measuring the members' contact level in school life. According to this, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: MRHC (two persons recognized mutally to keep high contact with each other), MRLC (two persons recognized mutu ally to keep low contact with each other), and OC (Oneside choice: one partner recognized to keep high contact with the other, but the latter didn't recognize so. The former was the chooser (C), the latter was the chosen (C)). Each group had eight dyads. The Ss were briefly introduced to one another and told that they should have the two kinds of conversation, which were about a high interesting topic and a low interesting one. The two conversations were made successively in a day, each lasting for 18 minutes. After each speechsession, the Ss were asked to provide personality perception ratings about their partners.
The verbal activity indices employed in this study were 4 as a temporally zero-state sequence and some one-or-two-state indices.
The results showed that the higher the level of the perceived interpersonal proximity the more lively the verbal cooperative activity. The verbal activity level of OC declined in the course of the conversation, but the other two groups kept initial level of verbal activity. It was shown that the interrelation of individual verbal activity in general was C (OC) >MRHC>MRLC>C (OC). The difference of amounts of speech between the two speakers' in OC was the largest among the three groups, and this disparity increased with the passage of conversation.
From these results, it was shown that the overall vebal activity had a positive correlation with the level of interpersonal proximity and the stability of speech corresponded to the partners' agreement on the perception about their interpersonal proximity. It was found that the presence of discrepancy in the partners' perception of interpersonal proximity tended to facilitate the “dissociative”, process of speech in dyad.
Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation between the degree to which the Ss are interested in the topics and the verbal cooperative activity.
Concerning the overall personality perception rating, the trend of friendliness and intimacy increased with the passage of conversation, in particullar this trend was remarkable in MRLC group, in which two persons were most unfamiliar with each other among the three groups.
It was concluded from these findings that when the Ss' interpersonal proximity had the potency of active conversation and that it lead to the different sensitivity to a situational factor as conversation topics.

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The present studies were conducted to investigate the effects of public esteem on causal attribution for one's own success and failure. In Experiment I, Ss were forty-four female university students. Success-failure was manipulated by false feedback after Ss performed the task of anagrams. Public esteem with two levels was manipulated by different situations; in high public esteem (HPE) condition, Ss were asked to answer personally to an evaluator about attribution, while in low public esteem (LPE) condition, asked to fill out the attribution questionnaire in his absence. After receiving success or failure feedback, Ss were asked to attribute their own success or failure to the following four factors, ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck. Attribution was measured by the method of paired comparison of these factors.
Experiment II was conducted outside the laboratory in an actual achievement situation. After an examination of educational psychology was given with 169 university students, thirty good a hievers and thirty poor achievers were chosen as success and failure group, respectively. HPE condition, furthermore, was manipulated by two significance levels of evaluator; in one condition, an evaluator was an instructor of educational psychology, and in the other, was a freshman of psychology course. LPE condition was the same as in Experiment I, though manipulated not individually but simultaniously throughout Ss.
Main results were as follows:
1. As predicted, Ss under LPE condition attributed their own success to internal factors and their own failure to external factors. Ss under HPE condition attributed their own success to external factors more than did Ss under LPE condition, and their own failure to internal factors more than did Ss under LPE condition. The broadened self-serving bias formulation, proposed by Bradley (1978), was supported.
2. Difference between two levels of significance of evaluator had no significant effects on self-serving attribution.

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This study was designed to investigate the dimensions of attraction and the effect of attitude similarity and topic importance on each of main dimensions of attraction.
In the first experiment, there were three test sessions at the intervals of 5-7 days. At the first session, on the basis of a prelimiary survey, 8 most important topics (questionnaire α) and 8 least important topics (questionnaire β) were chosen as the attitude scales and rated on a 6 point scale by 70 subjects. At the second session, the half of the subjects were given the questionnaire as of 5 strangers who had responded to the same 8 most important topics and then asked to evaluate each of 5 strangers on 26 attraction rating scales. The responses of 5 strangers were similar to those of the subjects on 5 levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% similarity). The similarity was defined as the amount of proportion of similar responses between the subject and the stranger on 8 items. A dissimilar response was 3 points of discrepancy from that of the subject, whereas a similar response was always the same. At the third session, they were given the questionnaire βs of 5 strangers who had responded to the same 8 least important topics and then asked to evaluate each stranger. The rest of the subjects were given, at the second session, the questionnaire βs of 5 strangers and at the third session, the questionnare αs of 5 strangers.
In the second experiment, there were also three test sessions at the intervals of 5-7 days. The method was much the same as that of the first experiment, but the following two points were different. (1) The subjects (30) were given the responses of 3 stragers (0%, 50% and 100% similarity). (2) A dissimilar response was 1 point of discrepancy.
The main results were as follows.
1. The correlation matrix of the attraction rating scales was factorized by Principal component analysis and the four factors with the large eigenvalues were rotated by Varimax method. These four factors accounting for 67.6% of the total variance were Intimacy, Companionship, Recognition and Cooperation.
2. In both experiments, the attitude similarity-attraction theory proposed by Byrne, D. was completely confirmed. That is, the effect of attitude similarity was found to be highly significant on each of four dimensions of attraction. The effect of topic importance, however, was not significant.

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This study was done to investigate the relationship between bargaining and communication in a Deutsch and Krauss-type bargaining game. The study consisted of two experiments.
First experiment aimed to examin basic conditions of the game. 40 Ss were used to study the effects of communication opportunities with and without gates. After each trial, Ss could communicate each other through a written message. The content was at their disposal. Results showed that the bilateral gate interfered with coordination, but communication opportunities facilitated coordination, too. Furthermore, the effects of communication was shown more clearly in the gate condition. It was suggested that the direct communication changed Ss' perception of their bargaining situation.
It was hypothesized that communication opportunities would not affect coordination under the explicit definition of situations. To test this hypothesis, a second experiment was run by 40 Ss. Ss' perception of the situation was introduced by the change in the content of 4 practice trials. In the condition of the cooperative definition of situation, it was emphasized that the alternate use of one-lane road was advantageous for both and gates could be used as coordination device. While, in the condition of the competitive definition of situation, confrontation, the use of gates for obstruction, and taking the alternate route were emphasized. In each of these conditions, half of Ss could communicate with each other. Results supported the prediction. Ss' perception of the situation strongly affected the course of bargaining. The cooperative perception of the situation facilitated coordination. While communication opportunities could not affect the outcome, more detailed analyses of bargaining behavior proved that in the condition of the competitive definition of situation, communication opportunities carried bargaining to extremes.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally the effect of group size in a simulated panic situation on escaping behavior, namely, percentage of successful escaping, degree of jam, and the occurrence of and the conflict among the escaping, aggressive, and concessive response.
In this study, newly developed devices were used in order to simulate a panic.
The following instruction was delivered to subjects: “You are administered electric shock, if you can't escape from that dangerous situation within a specific time limit. ”
In the present experiment, there was only one outlet through which subjects were able to escape one at a time, and besides, each subject had to occupy the outlet for about 20 sec (time in which the escape button is tapped a hundred times).
If a jam occurs in the outlet, subjects were given three choices; aggression, concession or awaiting other persons' responses without responding on their own.
The experiment was carried out in a dark room and subjects were kept from any other sound by using white noise.
The major findings from the present experiment are:
1. As group size grows, the degree of jam increases and the percentage of successful escaping decreases, the decreasing rate being distinctive especially between 4 member and 5 member groups, even if each subject is given a specific length of time in which to escape.
2. Members of medium-sized groups (6-member group) rather than members of large groups (7 & 9-member group) and members of small groups (3 & 4-member) tend to engage in competitive behavior. These findings were interpreted from the point of the conception of unstable reward structure.
3. When aggressive response increases and when concessive response decreases as time passes, all members fail to escape from that dangerous situation.

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Present investigation attempts to isolate those personality factors which are predominent in accident-prone drivers. The study was conducted at the Passenger Bus Depot of the U.P. State Road Transport Corporation, Azamgarh. Hindi version of Cattell's 16 PF Test was used to assess the personality of these drivers. The study was conducted on a total sample of 40 drivers divided into two groups of 20 drivers in the each group. The first group included drivers with accident records (AG), and the second group included those driverss who were free from accidents (NAG). The accident group was further divided into two sub-groups, namely, multi-accident group (MAG) and single-accident group (SAG). There were 14 drivers in the SAG and 6 in the MAG.
The results were analysed in terms of mean, S. D., and F-ratios. The findings of the study indicate that drivers involved in accidents are characterized by such personality traits as happygo-lucky, impulsive, gay, enthusiastic, shy, restrained, diffident, timid, tenderminded, dependent, overprotected, sensitive, apprehensive, worrying, depressive, throubled adequacy, anxiety and introversion. Those drivers who were free from accidents were found to be sober, prudent, serious, venturesome, socially bold, uninhibited, spontaneous, tough-minded, self-reliant, realistic, placid, confident, serence, adjusted and extravert.

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[in Japanese]

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