The hypothesis was that the managerial behaviors in local government organizations are susceptible to the interaction between technical factors and boundary spanning function. The former refers to the degree of specialization and standardization of the task, and the latter, to the degree of exposure to the needs of residents, the members of council, mayor et al. In more open groups in which the subordinates' tasks more specialized or standardized, kakari-cho (the first-line supervisor) kept from ordering and controling their behaviors, and rather considered their well-being. But in the case of ka-cho (section manager), no significant interaction effect was found.
In conclusion, kakari-cho performed wider and deeper boundary spanning role, and therefore was more sensitive to external factors than in the case of ka-cho.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of authoritarianism and job characteristics for subordinate on the relationship between participation leadership behavior and subordinate morale. Data was collected from 120 employees of a machine shop and 158 employees of a local public organization.
The main results were as follows:
(1) When subordinate had high authortariianism, a negative relationship was found between participation leadership behavior and subordinate morale.
(2) When subordinate having high authoritarianism worked on the job low in variety, a negative relationship was found between participation leadership behavior and subordinate morale. But when subordinate having high authoritanism worked on the job high in variety, a positive relationship was found between these two. As for subordinate having low authoritarianism, the relationship between participation leadership behavior and subordinate morale was not moderated by job variety.

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The purpose of this study is to use the game-simulation of SIMSOC as a research method of intergroup relations in the social dilemma situation. Six SIMSOC games were conducted. In each game, about 40 undergraduate students were distributed into four regions. Two rich regions could control main resources but two poor had few resources. In 3 games of valuable token condition, players could exchange their token money for some valuable goods at the end of the game, but could't in the other 3 games of valueless token condition.
The main results were as follows.
Dynamic processes of interregional relations in SIMSOC consisted of four successive phases. Main issues of each of these phases were the organization of regions, the interregional conflicts and the resolution of subsistence scarcity, the provision of public goods, and the accumulation of regional wealth or the escalation of interregional conflict, respectively.
In the games of valuable token condition, the personal goal of wealth acquisition was perceived as relatively important. Selfrewardoriented regional behaviors were facilitated and competitions of the accumulation of regional wealth became brisk.
In the games of valuless token condition, power acquisition was perceived as relatively important, competitive and aggressive regional behaviors were facilitated, and the escalated interregional conflicts resulted in collapse of thesociety.
In the cooperative regional behaviors contributing to public goods, no difference was found between valuable and valuless conditions. Rich and poor regions contributed to public goods equitably.
The results of this study suggested that contributions to public goods were used as the means to take leadership in the society.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of leadership behavior in the normal time on both follower's performance in the normal time (productivity) and follower's coping behavior when emergency occurred.
In the experiment, a subject was assigned a task of checking the column of holes punched on a card, which was subsequently input to a computer by a co-worker, a confederate, working beside him/her. The number of cards processed by a subject was a measure of productivity, while coping behavior was measured by a subject's response to an alarm bell of the co-worker's computer that was unexpectedly introduced whilehe/she was left alone in the laboratory.
Leader's behavior was manipulated based on Misumi's Performance (P) - Maintenance (M) theory. In the present study, a combination of P-behavior emphasizing group goal achievement (P₂) and M-behavior facilitating group solidarity (M₂) were examined in addition to a combination of P-behavior emphasizing individual productivity (P_i) and M-behavior reducing follower's tension (M_i).
The results were as following.
1. A combined P₂ and M₂ was found the most effective concerning not only productivity but also coping behavior (quick response to an alarm bell). It was mediated by follower's strong motivation for achieving group goal under this condition.
2. Leadership behavior in the normal time affected not only follower's productivity in the normal time but also follower's coping behavior when emergency occurred. This finding seemed relevant to crisis situation in which normalcy bias may disturb a quick response to a sign of danger

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The present study examined how the consistent behavior of a minority affects both the behavior and the internalization of the behavior of a majority. The formation processes of the majority's attributions (judgements of confidence and competence) toward the minority were also investigated.
The subjects, 80 male undergraduate students, composed of five-member groups and were randomly assigned to either a 10-trial or a 20-trial condition. One of the group members was a confederate. For each trial subjects were required to construct a 70cm vertical line as accurate as possible on a screen at a distance of 3.3m. A confederate continued to present a deviant response (an 85cm long line). After the trials subjects were required to construct some vertical lines privately (posttest).
Results showed that (1) as trials progressed, the majority came to conform to the minority although the internalization of the behavior was not always found contrary to prediction, (2) the majority came to judge the consistent minority to be less competent but more confident than themselves, (3) in this attribution the majority was less sensitive to the judgement about confidence than to the one about competence, and (4) the majority judged the minority to be more confident than themselves when the majority's behavior was largely discrepant from that of the minority's.
It was concluded that both consistency of a minority's behavior and discrepancy between a minority's behavior and a majority's were important determinants in attributional process of confidence. However, several problems which must be dealt with in the future research were suggested.

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The purposes of the present study were; (1) to examine the relationship between the motivation of utterance (persuasive and consideration) and the type of utterance in a negotiative situation and (2) to investigate the effect of a speaker's persuasion strategy (offensive vs. defensive) on the responden't choice in persuasion strategy. The negotiative situation was set by the experimenter so that the Ss (respondents) were supposed. to reach an agreement with a speaker (a hypothetical person) about the means of transportation (train or airplane) by which they would travel together. The Ss were asked to answer the first utterance of the speaker provided by the experimenter by writing down their counter utterances. Then, they rated the degree of their persuasive and consideration motivations on a seven-point scale. The utterance condition (offensive vs. defensive) was administered by randomly assigning Ss into one of these groups. The S's utterance was classified according to the following five categories:
1. With or without additional explanatory remarks following the statement of his opinion.
2. Whether or not the subject accepts the speaker's utterance.
3. The type of persuasion strategy (offensive vs. defensive) employed by the subject.
4. If the subject explains his or her personal reasons or not.
5. Intention to modify the basis of judgment on which the speaker (his or her hypothetical partner) stands.
Results of analysis show that persuasive motivation tends to have a close relationship with interpretative utterances and to discourage remarks for explaining personal reasons, while consideration motivation tends to have a close relationship with defensive strategy and supportive remarks. There existed a general tendency for the speaker's offensive utterance to cause the respondent's defensive utterances. A further examination of this result, however, strongly suggested that the correct hypothesis would be “weak offensive utterances tend to cause defensive utterances. ”

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We possess many beliefs which have different mechanisms in their formation and change. The first purpose of the present article is to discuss how to approach the dynamics of belief change. And the concepts reality dependency and value dependency are proposed as factors of belief change. The second purpose is to report the results of an experiment on the effect of reality of informationin formation and change of belief as “knowlede”. The reality is defined the degree of the vividness of information like being objective exsistence.
101 experimental subjects are randomly assigned 2×2 conditions, which are initial information with low reality and incongruent information with low reality condition, intial low reality-incongruent high reality condition, initial high-incongruent low reality and initial high-incongruent high condition. The experimental task is to resolve a cognitive incongruent situation brought about providing an incongruent information after forming a belief by accepting provided information.
The results showed that the reality of information has significant effects on belief formation and change. In addition, these suggest that the reality of information in belief formation and that of belief change have different effects.

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