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Volume 36 (1996)
- Issue 2 Pages 183-
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Volume 36, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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MOTOKI WATABE, SHIGERU TERAI, NAHOKO HAYASHI, TOSHIO YAMAGISHI1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 183-196
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy applying the“illusion of control”hypothesis (Karp et al., 1993), originally developed to explain ingroup favoritism in the minimal group experiments, to a prisoner's dilemma (PD) situation, we predicted that the cooperation rate of players would be affected by their illusion of control. We used a sequential PD in which one player decides before the other does to maximize and minimize feasibility of illusion of control. Specifically, the following three hypotheses were successfully tested. Hypothesis 1: The decision of the second player in a sequential PD would be affected by the choice of the first player, cooperating with the cooperative first player and defecting with the defective first player. Hypothesis 2: Compared to the players of ordinary simultaneous one-shot PD (simultaneous condition), the player who decides first and whose decision is informed to the second player before the latter makes his/her decision would feel controllability over the second player and thus would cooperate more. Hypothesis 3: Compared to the simltaneous condition, players uwould cooperate less when they know (without being informed of the first player's choice) that the first player has already made his/her decision. The second experiment was conducted to replicate Hypothesis 3, the most important hypothesis of the three. The hypothesis was also supported in the second experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (2275K) -
The case of 1982 Nagasaki FloodMOTOHIKO NAGATA, KATSUYA YAMORI1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 197-218
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHow collective representations of a natural disaster are intersubjectively created and maintained through everyday communication was examined by the method of conversation analysis. Conversational data in four groups that were assumed to maintain clear representations, i. e., (a) officials responsible for disaster prevention in a local government, (b) two different groups of residents who experienced severe damage of a disaster, and (c) members of a voluntary citizen group that was involved in environmental problem, were collected. Two types of collective representations were identified, namely, representations derived from shared perceptual experience and representations derived from shared conceptual propositions. It was found that exclusive reliance on the former, as observed in group (b), as well as exclusive reliance on the latter, as observed in group (a), was not sufficient for long-term maintenance of the representations. The latter that was frequently renewed and reorganized by the former types of representations concerning various specific disaster was found effective in persisting representations, as observed in group (c).View full abstractDownload PDF (3458K) -
HAJIME YAMAGUCHI, MASAO SUZUKI1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 219-229
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS3 experiments were conducted to examine the factors of seat arrangements on one's feelings. In experiment I, we used our daily seat arrangements and examined the effect of which sitting first on one's feelings. The results were as follows: (1) the interpersonal distance of a pair strengthen one's tension and intimacy. (2) the effect of“seen by other person”was closely related to one's tension. In experiment II, we examined how distance, position, and direction of one's body would affect on one's feelings. The results were as follows: (3) one's tension was strengthened when one's position was in front of the other. (4) one's intimacy was strengthened when a pair was seated in symmetry arrangements. In experiment III, we examined the effects of gaze on one's feelings. The results were as follows: (5) one's tension was explained by the other's gaze. (6) one's intimacy was independent of the other's gaze and strengthened by symmetry arrangements.View full abstractDownload PDF (1581K) -
The Case of Victims of IjimeTOSHIKAZU ONO1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 230-239
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study is to show that the specific form characterizing ijime, a particular type of bullying often observed in classrooms in Japan, facilitates people's common belief that victim of ijime is also to be blamed for inviting it. Specifically, it was hypothesized that a victim of aggression is more likely to be derogated more strongly (1) when the aggression is done by a group than when it is done by a single individual, and (2) when it is done repeatedly than when it is done just once. Results of an experiment confirmed the first hypothesis, but not the second. The paper also reports a finding from another experiment showing that two individual difference variables-confidence in self-efficacy and general distrust of society-are related to the degree of victim derogation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1360K) -
KEIJI OKADA1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 240-247
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe main purpose of the present study was to examine the processing feature of self-reference orienting task. Like-dislike rating task was used as self-reference orienting task. Experiment 1 was done to determine if the like-dislike rating task produces the same effect as other kind of self-reference orienting tasks in free recall test. Results of free recall showed the self-reference effect. Results of Experiment 1 provide a basis to regard the like-dislike rating task as a self-reference orienting task. In Experiment 2, subjects were first told to perform physical, semantic, and self-reference orienting tasks, then they were given a graphimic cued recall task, a word fragment cued-recall test and a category name cued-recall test. Results of category name cued-recall test showed the self-reference effect. These results revealed that the self-reference orienting task has conceptual driven processing feature.View full abstractDownload PDF (1180K) -
MIE TAMURA1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 248-260
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen the relative ratio of positive to negative behaviors in a majority and a minority group is constant, illusory correlation originally demonstrated by Hamilton & Gifford (1976) have been shown to create more positive impression of a majority than a minority if the base rate of negative behaviors is low and to create more positive impression of a minority than a majority if the base rate of positive behaviors is low (H G pattern). But this H G pattern has not been always replicated. Most Japanese studies (e. g., Shirai, 1979; Sugimori, 1991) have shown that one group (in most cases, a majority) is consistently perceived as more positive than the other (in most cases, a minority) regardless of the base rate of positive/negative behaviors (S S pattern). To explain these incongruities, we proposed the hypothesis. In the experimental paradigm of illusory correlation, two important pieces of information are given to subjects: behavior of each person and group membership. The difference of subjects' information processing perspectives could have contributed to different patterns of illusory correlation. Our results supported this hypothesis. Under the condition where subjects were more focal to the behavior of each person and the individual-based information processing was promoted, the results replicated the H G pattern. By contrast, under the condition where subjects were more attentive to group membership and the group-based information processing was promoted, the results replicated the S S pattern. These findings suggest that the information processing perspectives take the highly significant roles regarding the illusory correlation phenomena.View full abstractDownload PDF (2235K) -
HIDEAKI ITO1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 261-272
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the studies of helping behavior, researchers have focused on the phenomenon of people “giving or not giving” help. However, there seems to be a lack of research about the content of the help that is given and the effects on the recipients of the help. The purpose of this study was to rank various helping behaviors by their quality and to investigate the relationship between four personality traits, gender, and the quality of these helping behaviors. In the first study, thirty university students rated various helping behaviors in terms of their desirability, influence upon self-esteem, and costs. In the second study, one hundred and six university students responded to the questionnaire which included questions about empathy, self-exhibition, perseverance, and social extraversion. The results show helping behaviors can be ranked by their quality. The person with high empathy tends to exhibit both high and low quality helping behaviors. Also, women were more selective than men in choosing helping behaviors.View full abstractDownload PDF (1754K) -
HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI1996 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 273-286
Published: December 10, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate the anger evoking factors in every-day life with a questionnaire and a interview method. Three primary factors were detected: DAMAGE, INTENTIONALITY, EXPECTEDNESS. Fourteen subjects were selected with a P-F Study, and seven subjects were classified as“extrapunitive”and the other seven as“intra-punitive”. These two personality types were then compared for each evaluation on anger evoking factors. As a result, all three factors influenced the onset of anger significantly, regardless of the personality traits. Also, after measuring the effect of these anger evoking factors by rank order correlation, it became stronger in order of INTENTIONALITY>DAMAGE>EXPECTEDNESS. Comparing these two personality traits, in“intrapunitive”tendency, no difference was seen in effect between INTENTIONALITY and DAMAGE, but in“extrapunitive” tendency, it was proposed that the effect of INTENTIONALITY was larger than DAMAGE. In other words, the influence of these anger evoking factors was significant regardless of the personality traits, but the evaluation of the these factors was different according to the personality traits. When faced with an event which provokes anger, these evaluative factors influenced aggressive behavior. A person with“intrapunitive”tendencies reported that he would avoid direct action to the damage-doer and not ask the doer to recover the damage. A person with“extrapunitive”tendencies reported that he would try to recover the damage toward the damage-doer after feeling anger.View full abstractDownload PDF (1754K)
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