This experiment investigated the effects of desirability of message contents and communication medium on distortion of the transmitted message. It partly aimed at the extension of the researches on the MUM effects (Tesser & Rosen, 1975). In addition subjects' vocal responses and their perception of the message receiver were examined.
Fifty-six male undergraduates served as subjects. They were asked by Experimenter 1 (E₁) to transmit a message to Experimenter 2 (E₂) about the results of E₂'s data analysis.
The message contents were either bad (E₂'s analysis was unsuccessful) or good (E₂'s analysis was successful) for E₂. As another independent variable, the medium by which subjects transmitted the message-face-to-face or the telephone was manupilated.
The hypotheses were as follows: (1) The bad message would be weakened in contents more than the good message. (2) The bad message would be weakened in contents more in the faceto-face condition than in the telephone condition.
The results supported the hypothesis (1). All the indices about the transmitted massagetruthfulness to the original and the number of bunsetsus (phrases), predicates, and emphasized phrases-were significant in the predicted direction. Moreover, some subjects in the bad condition employed toned-down phrases.
The hypothesis (2) was not supported. No indices were significant. Some of them-truthfulness and toned-down phrases-were in the opposite direction to the hypothesis.
As for other responses, the speed of speaking was slower and more subjects showed smiles during transmitting the message in the face-toface condition than in the telephone condition.
Subjects perceived the receiver (E₂) to be warmer and more likable, and felt themselves perceived to be warmer and more likable by him in the face-to-face condition.

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The present paper investigated visual interaction in conversational dyads by using a large range of gaze pattern measures as associated with conversation, not by using simple eye contact measurement. Specifically, it aimed to clarify the effects of an interviewers' semi-dark sunglasses upon gaze patterns between two conversants during interviews.
Twenty-eight female students served as Ss, and were interviewed by 1 male student (E) for about 10 min. The interviewer wore sunglasses first for half of the Ss, and he interviewed the remaining half with naked eyes first. After completion of the interview, Ss rated the contents of interview and the impression to interviewer on adjective scales, and filled out MAS scales.
Patterns of visual interaction were recorded on a multichannel data recorder, giving such measures as amount, frequency, and length of gaze during the entire interview, and while speaking and while listening, separately. Moreover, localized gaze patterns were scored for each subject by summing up visual patterns over four specified occasions of the interviewer's and S's speech end.
The main results were as follows:
(1) In the sunglasses condition Ss looked significantly less at E during the interview, and E looked at Ss significantly less as well.
(2) Ss looked significantly more while listening than while speaking. The same was the case with E.
(3) Immediately after the end of E's utterance S's gaze decreased markedly, while increasing at the end of their utterances.
(4) Sunglasses caused stronger tension in Ss during the interview. And the interviewer was rated more negatively when he wore sunglasses than when he did not.
(5) Subjects with high MAS scores looked less while listening, and with shorter gaze. Significant positive correlations were found between E and Ss on such measures as length and frequency of gaze.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how individuals seek information to evaluate themselves in terms of the utility of comparative information and self-esteem, and also to examine Festinger's (1954a) 'unidirectional drive upward'
Ss were 84 undergraduate students (42 male and 42 female students). The experiment, in which Ss were asked to perform two mutually related tasks, was conducted under the pretense of investigating individuals' cognitive flexibility and insight.
After the first task, self-esteem was experimentally manipulated by using high, low or no feedback. The second task, composed of 10 difficulty levels, and the Ss were told to choose one of them they should take. At that time, each feedback group was divided into the following two conditions: One was the predecision condition in which the Ss were told that they would be given comparative information before they decided which level they should take, and the Ss were asked to answer degree of necessity of the information; The other was a postdecision condition in which the Ss were asked to answer degree of necessity of the information after they had already decided.
The results showed that the Ss in the predecision condition sought comparative information more, that is, when an individual was in a situation that he could use the comparative information effectively, his need for self-evaluation increased. The relation between self-esteem and the degree of seeking comparative information was not clear. With regard to unidirectional drive upward, the result predicted from Festinger's assumption was not obtained.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of leadership behavior through a fiveday camp experiences and the effect of camping upon the leadership behavior in the school.
The subjects were 58 fifth graders and 41 sixth graders, who perticipated in the camp held in July 1979.
For the present study, 1) The Leadership Behavior Rating Scale, 2) The Sociometric Test, 3) The Achievement Motivation Rating Scale, 4) The Level of Aspiration Inventory, 5) The Satisfaction Rating Scale and 6) The Y-G Personality Inventory were administered.
Based on the findings, it was concluded that: 1) Under the situations that was difficult to achieve group objectives without members' cooperation, camper leadership behavior tended to increase in comparison with ordinaly camp situations. 2) Significant positive changes in leadership behavior through camp experiences were found for children in school life (P<. 001). 3) With regard to group effectiveness, Mixed Groups were highest and High Groups came second, and Low Groups were lowest of experimental survival groups. 4) Group members who took leadership roles had high achievement motivation (P<. 05) and high level of aspiration (P<. 05), tended to have high popularity (P<. 06), and showed active and extrovert attributes (P<. 05).
The results of this study indicate that the camp program, which is planned to necessiate group cooperation, contributes to the development of childrens' leadership behavior.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teachers' leadership behavior and power resources which were base of it.
Subjects were the fifth-and sixth-grade 375 pupils from 11 classes of two elementary schools. Two kinds of questionnaires were administered to them. One was to measure teachers' leadership behavior and the other was to find the power resources of teachers.
Data was analyzed by the “Quntification III” . The main findings were following.
The pupils recognized such the factors of power resources as “legitimacy”, “skillfulness” and “affiliation” as the base of PM-pattern leadership behavior, and they recognized the factor of power resources “punishment” as the base of P-pattern leadership behavior. But M- and pm-pattern leadership behavior hadn't the stong relationship to any specific factors of power resources.

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This exploratory study investigated the extent to which the perceived level of interpersonal communication within a given Roman Catholic religious institute influences a religious brother's decision to remain in his religious institute. A six-variable path model explained 16% of the variance in the decisions of a sample of 147 religious brothers. Interpersonal communication affects perseverance positively in an indirect way, i. e., it strengthens friendship and lessens the desire to marry. Interpersonal communication reduces also loneliness. Friendship exercises the strongest positive effect upon perseverance. Desire to marry and problems coping with celibacy have the strongest negative effects upon perseverance. The relationship between friendship and desire to marry needs further investigation.

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