We must understand the fact that lying plays an important role in each stage of interpersonal relation-ships. Telling the truth is a desirable manner, but we must put on an act of deception to maintain the interpersonal balance.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of deceptive communication in a face-to-face dyadic conversation. The subjects consisted of forty-eight male and female undergraduates. Same sex Ss were divided into deceivers or truth tellers. The deceivers were asked to take a standpoint opposite to their own attitude for a certain attitude topic in a 12-minute session. Talking, looking, and self-touching pattern indicies were employed in this study. These communication data are chronologically analyzed by some interaction indices. Before and after the conversation, the Ss were asked to provide personality perception and attraction ratings for their partners.
The results showed that deceivers displayed more vocal activity than truth tellers, particullarly this trend was remarkable in female dyads. Concerning self-touching behavior, deceivers touched their hands and arms more often than their partners. Self-adaptors are remarkable in male dyads. These male and female characteristics were opposite to the respective overall characteristics in general. Further, female deceivers were perceived as talkative, humorous, agreeable and attractive by their partners.
According to these results, the deception operation which activates communication activity complements and supplements the general characteristics of male and femal communication patterns. In general, the female is less talkative, and the male has less looking, and non-intended self-adaptors. Then, in the situation of forced deception, we found that the behavior with the channel usually repressed begins to become aroused.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine whether information gathering behavior differed depending on the characteristics of the ability to be evaluated. Independent variables were controllability and perceived importance and utility of the ability. Subjects chose one of the four forms of tasks in which the diagnosticity of success and the diagnosticity of failure were manipulated. They also judged task preference for each of them. As might have been expected, those who perceived the importance and usefulness of ability preferred to perform tasks more as either the diagnosticity of success or that of failure increased. When the ability was uncontrollable, it was found that task preference of the subjects who perceived the ability to be less important and useful was negatively related to the diagnosticity of failure, but it was not the case when the ability was controllable. These results were discussed in terms of self-assessment motivation and self-enhancement motivation.

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The present study examined the effects of a sound environment on self-disclosure. It was hypothesized that a positive sound environment (serene, classical music) would enhance disclosure, whereas a negative sound environment (white noise) would decrease disclosure. The subjects were 17 male and 16 female undergraduate students. They were randomly and evenly assigned to positive or negative sound environments for self-disclosure. Results demonstrated that subjects preferred different sound environments for disclosure according to their sex. That is, males preferred a positive sound environment, but females preferred a negative one. In accordance with these preferences, males disclosed more when they were in a positive sound environment, but females disclosed more when they were in a negative sound environment. Although preferences on sound environments were different between males and females, the hypothesis was confirmed. This was also supported by results on self-disclosure motives.

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The purpose of this study was to discuss the following hypothesis: In the presence of another person, if the subject is in a state of subjective self awareness in which she can take herself to be an subject, her anxiety will decrease. On the other hand, if she is in a state of objective self awareness in which she will take herself to be an object, her anxiety will increase.
Subjects were one hundred ten female university students. The stimuli arousing anxiety were a horror video and a pornographic video. They were divided into the next four conditions for each stimulus. 1. Observed condition: Subject's face was observed under the anxiety arousing situation through the monitor television by another. 2. Observe condition: Subject could observe the face of another through the monitor television. 3. Co-presence condition: Two subjects watched the video in a room which was partitioned by a screen. 4. Alone condition: The subject watched the video alone.
The anxiety level during the anticipation period was measured by the heart rate as the physiological measure and simplified AACL as the subjective measure.
The results were as follows. 1. The anxiety level was not affected by the mere presence of another but by the difference of the situation of both subjects decided by the style of the presence of another. 2. The presence of another decreased her anxiety when the subject is in a state of the subjective self awareness in which she could observe another, but it increased her anxiety when the subject is in a state of the objective self awareness in which she was observed by another. 3. Aroused emotion varied, depending on the difference of the threatening stimulus or the threatening situation, and the qualitative difference of emotion affected, the anxiety level under the observed condition.

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The purpose of the present research was to (a) show, using an experiment, which taxes'were felt' as the heaviest, direct tax, consumption tax which is paid separately from normal price (external tax), or consumption tax which is included in the normal price (internal tax), when the same amount of tax is paid; (b) investigate, using a social survey, which taxes'were believed to be felt' as the heaviest, and (c) compare subjects' 'real' heaviness measured in the experiment and'believed' heaviness measured in the survey. In the experiment, 25 undergraduate students participated in a game simulating an economic scene where subjects earned incomes, consumed goods, and paid taxes. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (direct tax, external tax, and internal tax condition). Results revealed that' real' heaviness increased in the order of internal tax, direct tax, and external tax condition. In the survey, 210 adult subjects were asked which taxes they perceived to be the heaviest. Since the difference in heaviness between the experiment and survey was very large, it suggests that the experimental research that presents objective facts concerning consumption tax is important.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of intimacy and desirability of information disclosed by another person on interpersonal perception. Ss were requested to imagine either an intimate or a non-intimate person and to read a description of behavior as being disclosed by that person. The kind of behavior described, negative, neutral or desirable, defined the desirability of information. Ss responded in terms of personalism, ingratiation, authenticity, embarrassment and interpersonal. impression. ANOVA did not indicate significant interaction in any variable including attraction which was derived from interpersonal impression through factor analysis. Interactive tendency found in personalism, however, suggested the differential effects of self-disclosure on person perception at different levels of intimacy. Partial correlations between variables were examined in order to see how self-disclosure influences person perception at different levels of intimacy. When there was an intimate relationship, attraction had a significant correlation to authenticity and embarrassment. When the relationship was not intimate, attraction had a signficant correlation to personalism and embarrassment. It was suggested that personalism plays an important role in non-intimate relationship.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influences of empathy, social skill and extraversion on prosocial behavior. In this research, the Japanese version of the empathy scale (Davis, 1983), social skills scale (Goldstein, 1986), Si scale of MMPI and prosocial behavior scale (Kikuchi, 1985) were used. One hundred and fifteen female college students replied to these scales. As a result, the hypothesis that empathy, social skill, and extraversion would affect positive influences on prosocial behavior was partially supported. Factor analysis of empathy scale and social skill scale revealed that the concept of empathy was constructed from four sub-concepts (calmness, anxiety of emergency, sensibility, and understanding another's place and calmness) and that the concept of social skill was constructed of six sub-concepts (dealing with problem, positiveness, expression of affect, consideration for others, apology, and communication with others). Pass-analysis including the sub-concepts of scales showed that sensibility, calmness and communication with others had positive influence on prosocial behavior. And it became clear that calmness to others mediated between understanding another's place and prosocial behavior, and that communication with others mediated between coping with problems, expression of affect, extraversion, positiveness, prosocial behabior.

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This study was designed to construct a new self-consciousness scale for Japanese children, examine the reliability and validity of the scale, and investigate the relations between self-consciousness and seven personality traits: shyness, self-exhibition, loneliness, and four kinds of perceived competence. A questionnaire consisting of twenty-eight self-consciousness items, 90 items concerning the above ersonality traits, and 25 social desirability items was administered to 424 5th-and 6th-graders, and factor analysis concerning self-consciousness items revealed 2 solutions as predicted; one factor was nemed public self-consciousness and the other was named private self-consciousness. The reliability and validity was highly estimated. Public self-consciousness score was positively related to the scores of shyness, self-exhibition, and loneliness. Private self-consciousness score was negatively related to the scores of shyness and loneliness, and also positively related to the scores of self-exhibition and four kinds of perceived competence. Results concerning private self-consciousness were inconsistent with the previous studies. It was understood from the developmental point of view.

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