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Volume 31 (1991 - 199･･･
- Issue 3 Pages 187-
- Issue 2 Pages 85-
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Volume 31, Issue 2
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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TETSUJI ITO1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 85-93
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen a nonverbal behavior releases another one, these two can be called a “unit nonverbal behavior (UNB) ”. This study examined UNBs by analyzing sequential patterns of behaviors which regularly occurred in a face-to-face interactive situation. Interactions of twenty pairs of college students of the same sex were video-recorded for fifteen minutes, and three minute periods were taken as samples from each interaction. Occurrences of ten nonverbal items were recorded by an event-recorder and their frequencies (f), total durations (t), mean durations (m) were obtained. The items were speech, gaze, smile, turning away, nodding, forward leaning, backward leaning, body movement, arm movement, and hand movement. Since there were some significant correlations between f, t, and m of each item, thirteen variables were selected from the thirty variables (f, t, and m of the ten items). Factor analysis of the thirteen variables yielded four factors; Activity, Relaxation, Contact, Speech. Some pairs of these factors occurred successively with an interval of one, two, or three seconds, within subject or between subjects. Sequential analysis done with the criterion of an interval of no more than three seconds showed significant patterns of Speech→Contact Relaxation Speech within subject, and Activity→Activity between subjects. It is thus assumed that UNBs are often constructed of these patterns. These behavioral patterns were positively correlated with psychological indices of positive affection. The findings obtained in this study suggest usefulness of the analysis of UNBs to investigate interactive processes in face-to-face situation. This line of approach will promote further studies which attempt to disclose the meaning and function of UNBs.View full abstractDownload PDF (1519K) -
HIROMI FUKADA1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 94-103
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of communicator credibility on persuasion under irrelevant fear-arousing situations from the view point of the distraction hypothesis. Three independent variables were used: intensity of irrelevant fear arousal (high and low), communicator credibility (high and low) and passage of time (immediately and one week after persuasion). Subjects were 90 female college students. They were exposed to a persuasive message from either highly or lowly credible communicator under either irrelevant high or low fear-arousing situation, and they were asked to respond to questionnaires immediately and one week after the exposure. Results indicated the following. (a) When a communicator had low credibility, irrelevant fear facilitated immediate persuasive effect but did not delayed one. (b) When a communicator had high credibility, irrelevant fear inhibited delayed persuasive effect but did not immediate one. (c) Irrelevant fear increased counterargumentation to a persuasive message and enhanced the evaluation of a communicator in the low credibility condition. The results in the present experiment generally suported the distraction hypothesis, but it was suggested that irrelevant fear might increase recipients' acquiescent response to a highly credible communicator.View full abstractDownload PDF (1950K) -
TOSHIKAZU YOSHIDA1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 104-109
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the observer on causal attribution and task performance of students. The self-consciousness scale (SCS) was administered to 162 undergraduates and seventy-six students were selected as subjects according to their public SCS score (38 from the high-score group and 38 from the low-score group). The 2×2 factorial design (high and low public self-consciousness scores by observed and unobserved situations) was used. The reactions of the students were scored by 1) the degree of causal factors induced by failures in the pre-trial, and 2) the amount of increasing number of ANAGRAM (correct word puzzles) between the pre-trial and the experimental trial. The main findings were as follows: (1) the high public self-consciousness group attributed their failures to more internal and stable dimensions than that of the low-public group. (2) Subjects who was not observed showed a higher level of performance than that of subjects' performance in observed situation. These results suggest the difference of public self-consciousness and the manipulation of observer influenced the causal attribution and task performance respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (990K) -
An examination of the moderating and mediating effectsSATOSHI MIZUNO, TOSHIHIRO MATSUBARA1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 110-120
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the moderating and mediating effects of emotional reaction and personal power on the relationship of leadership behaviors with group morale/commitment. The data were obtained from 289 workers at a steel factory and 425 nurses working at three hospitals. The main results were as follows. 1. Emotional reaction moderated the relationship between performance-oriented leader behavior and group morale/commitment. 2. Personal power moderated the relationship between leader's pressure behavior toward high performance (pressure-P) and group morale/commitment. However it did not have moderating effects on that of delegative leader behavior and group morale/commitment. 3. Personal power mediated the relationship between leadership behavior and group morale/commitment, its effects being more pronounced than that of emotional reaction. Finally, the moderator and mediator roles in the leadership process were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1624K) -
KAZUSHI SAITO1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 121-131
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the effects of interpersonal orientation (IO) which proposed by Rubin & Brown (1975) on game behaviors and attributions of that consequences by two experimental games. High IOs are interested in and reactive to other people, whereas low IOs are less interested and responsive to others and more concerned with economic features of the interpersonal relationships. In the experiments, it was used that a Prisoner's Dilemma Game with a seeking choice by which a player was able to know the partner's choice without notice of the partner. In addition, the partner's choices were programmed to investigate the player's behavior. The main results were as follows: First, high IOs played more cooperatively and used a seeking choice more frequently than low IOs. Secondly, High IOs chose cooperative choice according to the degree of partner's cooperative level. These results were discussed in terms of attributions of that consequences, and it was suggested that high IOs played based on several motivational orientations in such game situation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1838K) -
MASAHIKO NAKAMURA1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 132-146
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate how heterosexual interaction including cognitive and behavioral aspects varies in terms of love styles, satisfaction, and commitment. A questionnaire survey was conducted for one hundred and fifty two college students who were engaging in romantic relation-ships. Respondents answered measures on their current interaction, and on perceived similarity with their partner. They had also rated love style measure based on Lee (1977) 's typology of love, and social exchange measures incuding satisfaction and commitment with partner. Multiple regression analyses showed that Erotic love style was dominant in romantic relationship. That is, Eros was positively afected by exchanges of self-disclosure, giving money and goods, meta-commnication, and perceived similarity. Those results were generally consistent, regardless of respondents' gender, relationship length, and intimacy status. It was also revealed that commitment for partner was generally determined by self-investment, relationship satisfaction and CLalt, supporting the prediction from Rusbult (1983) 's investment model. On the other hand, equity of outcomes had little effect for satisfaction, and commitment.View full abstractDownload PDF (2408K) -
YUICHI IIZUKA1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 147-154
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the effects of emotional positivity, target object's sex and emotional intensity on subject's gaze utilizing female subjects. The hypotheses were as follows: 1. For female subjects, a positive message will produce more gaze than negative message. 2a. For female subjects, more gaze time will be produced when viewing persons of the same sex as the subject, regardless of the degree of emotional positivity/ negativity. 2b. For female subjects, the emotional negativity effect will be reduced when they gaze at persons of the opposite sex. 3. For female subjects, high emotional intensity will produce more gaze toward the target person. The subjects were sixty-four female junior college students. This study manipulated emotional positivity (positive message and negative message), target' s sex and emotional intensity (high intensity and low intensity) in a 2×2×2 factorial design. Subjects were randomly assigned to each of four experimental groups. They expressed either a friendly or hostile message to two female targets or two male targets with both a strong and a weak intensity. The results generally supported hypotheses 2a, 2b, and 3. Hypothesis 1 was not supported. For female subjects, emotional positivity did not affect visual behavior. The results showed that more gaze was associated with a target of the same sex as the subject, as contrasted to a target of the opposite sex. When female subjects expressed a negative message to opposite sex targets, their gaze time was reduced. It was demonstrated that a condition of strong emotional intensity evoked more gaze regardless of the message' s positivity or sex of the target.View full abstractDownload PDF (1453K) -
HITOSHI MATSUURA1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 155-166
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study dealt with the perception of equity in intimate relationships of the same sex and age. Eighty-five intimate female pairs who had ongoing relationships were surveyed. The equity balance between each individual in the intimate pair was attained through two methods. First, the widely used method based on equity theories was implemented, involving a comparison of equity perception of the two participants. The other method employed individual judgment of input versus outcome with regard to the relationship, and an objective index of the gains obtained for each individual was investigated. Pairs were grouped according to the balance in their perception of equity, into the following six groups: underbenefited-underbenefited (UB-UB); underbenefited-equity (UB-EQT); underbenefited-overbenefited (UB-OB); equity-equity (EQT-EQT); equity-overbenefited (EQT-OB); overbenefited-overbenefited (OB-OB). The UB-UB, UB-EQT and UB-OB groups were omitted from analyses since there were insufficient numbers of such groups. For the other three groups, analyses were conducted on the stability of the relationships and their prospect for continuation. As a result, the OB-OB group were found to be most stable and had the largest prospect for being maintained. The above pair groupings were done similarly based on the gains obtained for each individual from the relationship. The perception of equity and balance of gains turned out to show differences, suggesting a rather weak relationship between objective state of exchange between two persons and their own perception of equity in their relationship.View full abstractDownload PDF (1771K) -
Simple rating items for grasping small group structureTATSUYA OKUDA, TETSUJI ITO1991 Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 167-174
Published: November 20, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn social-psychological studies, it is often necessary to observe what role each member of a small sroup has and how the structure of the group is. SYMLOG (a SYstem for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups: Bales & Cohen, 1979) is a method for that kind of observation. But it is not appropriate to use SYMLOG translated directly into Japanese because of cultural differences. The purpose of this study is to make simple rating items of SYMLOG for the Japanese people. In SYMLOG, three dimensions for locating each group member are assumed, which are “Upward-Downward (dominant-submissive) ”, “Positive-Negative (friendly-unfriendly) ”, and “Forward-Backward (task-oriented-emotionally expressive) ”. First of all, it was pointed out that the definition of “F-B” in the Japanese version should be “in-context-out-of-context”, and then eighteen items were made which are constructed of sets of three items for each polar of each dimension. Observation 1 examined the validity of these eighteen items through factor analysis of ratings of SIMSOC (SIMulated SOCiety) interaction. The result showed the necessity to improve the items N, F, and B. The validity of the remade twenty four items was investigated in Observation 2 through factor analysis of ratings of discussions by five people. It yielded six factors that almost correspond to each polar in each dimension. Further factor analysis of twelve items extracted from the remade items made six factors, that showed the three-dimension-structure. Correlations between ratings by these twelve items and scorings (that is the other method in SYMLOG) were positive. Therefore these twelve items in Japanese Japanese improved version of SYMLOG-are valid and useful for observation of small group interactions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1181K)
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