We propose a primarily algebraic equation (I) for Bernstein's corrections², which was invented through the method of conversion of variables in 1930. He proved the following conditions:
a₁+c/p₁+a₁/p₁+2r=a₂+c/p₂+a₂/p₂+2r=2
which can be also obtained by differentiating the logarithm of Bernoulli's probability expression. Therefore, they may be said the conditions for the maximum likelihood method⁵.
They may be logically correct, but p_i(BO)=1-√1-a_i-c_ij was alone adopted as a raw estimate, because of which the range of the least χ² solution was limited between p_i(BO⁰) and p_i(SO). It is the same in the case of the GC method, too. But there are some distributions which follow the AO method. The BE and GC methods neglected the AO raw estimates, so that such limitation was brought about. On the other hand, as the AO method also neglected the heterozygote, the precise answer cannot be obtained. But the SW corrected equation extends the range of the least χ² solution by using 2w_iD or 4w_iD in the equation (I), and gives the adequate answer to the AB-existent distributions following the AO method. Therefore, the SW and SK corrected methods give the least χ² approximations superior to the BE and GC ones by the primarily algebraic idea only.

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The Blood Collection Centers of the Japanese Red Cross has alerady begun anti-HIV antibody screening of blood donor samples since Noverver 1986.
The ELISA methods have been mainly used, however, these methods do not have enough sensitivity, specificity and usefulness for screening.
Therefore, a new test method which is more reliable and standaridized was required by every Blood Collection Center.
In the present paper, the authors report the results showing that the gelatin particle agglutination test for anti-HIV antibody detection is more useful than ELISA tests.

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Two cases of uneventful transfusion of Jr (a+) red cells in the presence of anti-Jr^a are reported. The first case concerns the infant of a woman with anti-Jr^a who was suffering from hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to ABO incompatibility. The baby's total bilirubin (T-bil) did not drop after phototherapy which necessitated 2 exchange transfusions, the second of which used Jr (a+) red cells.
The second case is that of a 72-year-old Japanese female whose serum contained an anti-Jr^a. During her admission to a local hospital she was intraoperatively transfused with 1, 400ml of Jr (a+) red cells without incident.

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Effects of plasma-pheresis using a NDP-100 and PEF-25 by NIPRO on donor's plasma levels of adrenalin, noradrenalin, ACTH, ADH, aldosterone, cortisol, TSH, T₃ and T₄ were studied in volunteers. Eighteen healthy adults were equally divided into 3 groups; A 400ml pheresis, B 600ml pheresis and C 600ml pheresis with 500ml infusion of lactated Ringer's solution. Adrenalin level in group B increased soon after the pheresis, but the other stress hormons tended to decrease or to be almost stable. These data suggest that extracellar fluid should supplement the loss of plasma during pheresis. Lactated Ringer's solution infusion apprently acts to increase efficiency and safety in the donor plasma-pheresis.

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The purine metabolic enzymes; adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) are known to be associated with lymphocyte differentiation. ADA isoenzyme (ADA1 and ADA2) and PNP activities were assayed in the sera of 22 healthy carriers with positive for anti-HTLV-1 antibody and 20 normal individuals. The results revealed that both ADA2 and PNP activities were significantly elevated in sera of healthy carriers (p<0.001) as compared with normal controls. No significant difference in ADA1 activity was noted in the two groups. These data imply that ADA2 serum level is more likely to reflect the condition of peripheral T lymphocytes than that of total ADA activity. Measurement of these enzyme activities in serum may be a useful parameter of diagnosis in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus-1 infection.

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The effect of plasma substitutes composed of polysaccharides on the velocity of erythrocyte aggregation was examined with a rheoscope combined with a video camera, an image analyser and a computer, and the mechanism of polysaccharide-induced erythrocyte aggregation was studied.
1) Dextran (Mw 40, 000 and Mw 70, 000) and hydroxyethyl starch (Mw 200, 000) in plasma substitutes increased the velocity of erythrocyte aggregation in 60% diluted plasma. The accelerating effect was marked in the high molecular weight dextran. The accelerating effect by dextran was less in glucose than in saline or lactate Ringer's solution.
2) The velocity of erythrocyte aggregation became maximum at an optimal concentration of dextran. The optimal concentration was lower in higher molecular weight dextran, but was not affected by shear rate.
3) The aggregation induced by high molecular weight dextran (Mw 70, 400) was inhibited by low molecular weight dextrans (Mw 43, 900 and Mw 10, 300), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose and isomaltose) and glucose. The aggregation induced by fibrinogen, IgG and plasma was affected by low molecular weight dextrans.
4) The aggregation induced by pullulan (Mw 70, 000; linear polysaccharide) was more marked than that induced by dextran (Mw 70, 400; branched polysaccharide).
5) The mechanism of polysaccharide-induced erythrocyte aggregation was discussed, and the suitable prescription for plasma substitutes was proposed from the rheological point of view.

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A method for evaluating gas permeability of blood bag was developed using blood gas analyzer. The permeabilities determined by the method were in good agreement with the values obtained by JIS method. The reproducibility was 0.07 in coefficient of variation. The oxygen permeabilities of blood bags for storage of platelet concentrate (PC) derived from 200ml blood collection were 12.4, 10.8, 12.6 and 7.9ml/day·atm for bag made in Kawasumi, Terumo, Japan Medical Supply and Fenwal (PL-732), respectively. Those for PC from 400ml blood collection were 17.3, 16.7, 16.7, 36.0 and 13.2ml/day·atm for Kawasumi, Terumo, Japan Medical Supply, Fenwal (PL-146) and Fenwal (PL-732), respectively. The permeability increases proportionally with the surface area of the bag, and decreases hyperbolically with the increase of the thickness of plastic film. The attachment of maker label affected the permeability of the bag made in Terumo but not in Kawasumi. The label attached on the bag in blood center does not affect the permeability of both Kawasumi's and Terumo's bag.

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Disappearance of LW antigen of red blood cells and appearance of anti-LW^ab in serum were observed transiently in a 47-year-old woman with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. To treat the underlying disease, she could safely receive transfusions of total 275 units of platelets without any effect of the contaminated LW-positive red blood cells.
As her physical status improved, the anti-LW^ab disappeared and her red blood cells restored normal immuno-reactivity with anti-LW sera.

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Here reportd a 28-year-old female patient with ITP, showing incompatible results between on the main and on the accessory test for ABO blood typing, accompanied with hemolytic anemia after receiving large doses of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). These abnormalities were attributable to anti-A antibody derived from the immune globulin products. Her red blood cells were group A, Rh (D)-positive, and she was in the fifth month of pregnancy. Her serum reacted positively against the group A panel red blood cells; 2+ by the saline method, 3+ by the albumin method, and 1+ by the antiglobulin method. Besides, the direct anti-globulin test showed a weak positive reaction. The highest anti-A antibody titer in the immune globulin products used for her IVIG therapy were 1:8 by the saline method, and 1:512 by the anti-globulin method. Nevertheless, her anemia accompanied with low haptoglobin level, returned to the former level without blood transfusion within one week after the cessation of the IVIG. Incidence of such adverse reactions as that mentioned above may increase hereafter, as the IVIG therapy is now more and more frequently applied to the treatment of ITP.

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