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Kozo KOURA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
7-11
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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"Deming Cycle" was described in Dr. Deming's Quality Control lecture "Wheel of the quality control" in 1950. "Control Item" was introduced in Dr. Juran's Quality Control Management Course in 1954. The importance of the policy setting was described in "Manager and Quality Control" in Quality Control Magazine in 1955. Ten years were stages of the establishment of the idea of management, and the Management Cycle was born in 1959 afterwards. The Control Item developed into "Target Setting Method" that was called "Flag Method" and the Deming Prize winning enterprise after 1961 enacted "Policy Management Regulations". "QC policy, plan and deployment, and QC staff's roles" entering in 1970's was announced and QC Magazine special project "Policy management" introduced the case with each company in 1979. "Point of the introduction of the policy management" were taken up in Japanese Society for Quality Control (following JSQC) symposium "Policy management in TQC" in, 1989. The books, Policy Management for TQC Promotion in 1982, and "Actuality of Policy Management" in 1989 were published. "Policy Management Case Study Meeting (1987)", "Strategy Management and TQC Case Study Meeting (1994)", GLQM (Global Quality Management) Case Study meeting (1995)" and "Vision Management Case Study in TQM Meeting (1997)" was set up in JSQC and the policy management was shown as only the plan in fiscal year but also the long range planning and development until vision management were shown.
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Kozo KOURA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
12-14
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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The word of Daily Management was born in 1957 at the stage that developed from Deming Cycle to the Management Cycle in 1950's. Daily Management was taken up by the QC text series "Quality Control Execution Method" in 1961 afterwards, and the importance of "Strengthened of the Daily Management" was emphasized, and it was systematized by "The new volume Introduction of QC (A)" as one of the "Ten principles of QC success in work place" in the Forman QC Congress in 1963. 20 years entering in the age of reflection afterwards, the Quality Month Text "Thoroughness in the Daily Management" in 1983 and the question of "How to advance the effective promotion method of the activity of TQC in daily work from which TQC had not been made the best use for the daily business" was presented as a result of the questionnaire survey of "TQC-current state and problem" in 1984. The evasion phenomenon that the business is the different thing of and TQC and Daily Management in QC symposium "Oriented to TQC-future" in 1985 was noted. "Ideal way of TQC and the management in daily life" and "Integration of the Daily Management and the Policy Management" like the match of Daily Management and the Policy Management etc. were proposed in such reflection. And, the mutual shift system between Daily Management cycle (SDCA) and Policy Management cycle (PDCA) was presented.
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Kozo KOURA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
15-17
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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QC in-house audit was used as a management means centering on the Deming Prize winning enterprises in the latter half of 1950's, and it began to spread. That is, QC and management were closely related, the Company-wide Quality Control activity progressed, the Deming Prize examination became a standard, and QC in-house audit was executed. A top QC audit was valued as part of the improving company's physical condition by TQC in order to entering Trade Liberalization Measures and the Global Competitiveness Reinforcement in 1960's. "Audit of Quality Control" was described in the quality control magazine, and "Regular checkup of top in-house audit" was emphasized in the Top Management Conference in 1965. A top talk was taken up by "QC audit by the top" in 1968/1967 in the Quality Control magazine. The QC audit was taken up by one of the "Feature and problem of the quality control of Japan" in 1969 in the QC Symposium for 69 ICQC 'TOKYO. It changed from the QC audit into the QC diagnosis, "Enforced of the Top Diagnosis" was emphasized in the QS Nationwide Conference lecture in 1982, "QC diagnosis by the top" was taken up by the Quality Control Magazine in 1983 after 1970, and the corporate cases were published.
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Kenji Kurogane
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
18-22
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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Cross-functional management is explained as "setting company-wide targets for basic management factors, such as quality, cost, quantity, or delivery, and then optimizing the distribution of work among departments and implementing horizontal collaboration and cooperation across departments to efficiently attaint those targets." Kaoru Ishikawa (1981), one of the pioneers of Japanese quality control, said that Japanese style quality control (TQC) is one of the revolutionary ideas of management and placed "cross-functional management" on the same level with "quality first," "customer oriented," "the next process is the customer," "speak with data and facts," and "human dignity management" as the key factors to support Japanese style management.
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Takanori YONEYAMA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
23-27
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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On the workplace in manufacturing divisions in Japan, small groups are organized of workers and a group leader. When a company implements a quality management system, these small groups utilized QC concepts and techniques to begin activities to control and improve workplace operations. This is the origin of QC circles. Since the periodical "Genba to QC" (Workplace and QC) was launched in 1962, it has been used as a text by companies to start QC circles, which spread nationwide and have produced great results. Thereafter, the fluctuations in the business environment have caused activities to stagnate several times, but each time the efforts of managers, administrators, and promoting staff have carried on the activities with appropriate guidance and assistance of the QC circle headquarters. In the approximately 50 years since the birth of QC circles, the continuation of the wholesome and effective activities nationwide is unigue anywhere in the world.
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Hitoshi KUME
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
28-32
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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The term "Quality Assurance" in Japanese has meanings a little bit different from the one given in ISO 9000, though the clear definition of the term is not given in Japanese. The reason is the contents of the term have been changing along with the progress of quality activities in Japan. In this article, a briet history of the development of the quality assurance system in Japanese industry is given from the experience of the author as under. The beginning-Quality control activities in manufacturing and inspection, Expansion of quality activities, The first quality assurance system, Computer control in the iron steel industry, Product liability prevention Quality systems by ISO 9000, Current problems Globalization Software quality assurance
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Tetsuro SUGIYAMA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
33-36
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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DENSO (Nippondenso) Corporation developed the Early Stage Control (ESC) system as part of TQC (Total Quality Control) activities in 1961, and the system significantly contributed to defect reduction at early start-up production stage. DENSO has been expanding its quality assurance activities from product planning and development to field quality, thus realized early stabilization of process quality, and reduction of quality cost. This paper describes the history of how DENSO has utilized QC concepts such as management cycle, priority management, stratification techniques, and upstream control, and how it has applied various QC tools such as FMEA/FTA, QFD (Quality Function Deployment), and Taguchi method in the DENSO quality management system.
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- Quality Function Deployment -
Yoji AKAO
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
37-40
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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The author describes the history of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) from the early period prior to quality table formation through the periods of it's table proposals, quality requirement deployment tables and quality deployment formation, and total QFD as well as their overseas applications. The incentive for starting QFD began during the last half of the 1960s. In 1972, "quality deployment" procedures were presented and then quality tables were announced by the Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Quality tables were born from the discussion of the process functions of ship design, and quality table definitions were presented the following year. These were followed by the birth of quality requirement deployment tables, the presentation of quality deployment methods, and the rapid spread of QFD after the publication in book form of Quality Function Deployment. New developments in QFD followed thereafter including technological deployment, reliability deployment, and cost deployment. QFD was first introduced in the United States during a four-day seminar in 1983 and it spread widely after that. QFD symposiums were begun in the United States in 1989, and the first International QFD Symposium (ISQFD) was held in Japan in 1995 and is regularly held with different countries rotating as host.
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Katsuyoshi YAMADA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
41-44
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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Currently, the "DR" commonly used in the field of TQM, refers to DR as "a function in a quality audit" in each step of the Quality Assurance System proposed by Toyota Industries Corporation that received the Deming prize in the 1980's. On the other hand, "Design Review", the root of the DR, has been implemented in the field of reliability from the 1960's and, as the name suggests, it means an independent audit for Design which is used to detect or fix defects in Design. Their purpose and contents of activities are basically different and therefore it's necessary to choose which to use depending on content.
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Masami MITA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
45-48
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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The Deming Prize was established in 1951, and has contributed largely to the dissemination and development of the Quality Management in Japanese industries for 58 years, having approximately 200 companies mainly from manufacturing industries challenged and awarded the Prize. As its history and current situation are widely introduced by a numbers of Medias such as books and newspapers, I would like to introduce the background of the Deming Prize foundation from the standpoint of the Secretary who has been associated and involved in the Deming Prize relations for a long time. Upon introducing, I would first, like to touch upon the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) as the Secretariat body, situation of Japanese economy and Quality Control after World War II, and Dr. W. E. Deming's visit to Japan. In closing, I will try to sum up this article by presenting the progress and development of the Deming prize as well as my hope about the prize toward for the future.
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Tadashi OHFUJI
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
49-51
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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In this paper the author describes the origin of "Quality Month," a public awareness campaign. Quality Month originated with Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa. Dr. Ishikawa conceived Quality Month and put it into practice with the sincere desire for the recovery and growth of Japan despite its lack of natural resources. Quality Month began and has continued for 50 years since it was started in 1960 and it looks like Quality Month will be here to stay.
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Katsutoshi AYANO
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
52-55
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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In an effort to investigate the roots or origin of one of the guiding principles in TQM, the Japanese concept "Juten Shikou (priority focused)", literatures are reviewed. Findings are it has roots in the Pareto principle of "vital few and trivial many", the term became one of the guiding principles of TQM rather recently, and both Chinese characters that means "priority focused" or "priority oriented" are used. Needs are clarified to unify the terms, and to apply the recent phrase of "vital few and useful many", instead of original "vital few and trivial many".
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Katsuya HOSOTANI
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
56-60
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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The author describes the origins of the QC Seven Tools, which are used frequently in QC methods. The QC Seven Tools are a compilation of seven frequently used techniques that are simple, easy to create, readily understandable, and can be used by everyone. They are (1) pareto charts, (2) cause-and-effect diagrams (fishbone diagrams), (3) graphs, (4) check sheets, (5) histograms, (6) scatter diagrams, and (7) control charts. The etymology of QC Seven Tools comes from being named after the Seven Weapons of Benkei, a famous warrior-monk of 12^<th> century Japan.
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Ryoji FUTAMI
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
61-67
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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In the early days of 1970's, while an increasing number of Japanese companies began to launch the TQC activities and the nature of the activities became company-wide, the scopes of the activities were expanded and the types of problems more diversified. To cope with such a changing environment, demands for new QC methods were rapidly developing, particularly among managers and staff. Members of the QC Methodology Development Research Group in JUSE (established in 1972) studied many methods used in Operations Research, Value Engineering and Idea Creation Method and so on, and then selected the seven methods which they thought were particularly well suited and easy enough to use for the problem-solving in the TQC activities. These newly arranged methods were named "Shin QC Nanatsu Dogu" in Japanese, and released in 1977. When these tools were introduced abroad, the direct translation from the Japanese name was used as the English name; the tools were called the "New Seven Tools for QC." However, this name was rather misleading as it might have given the wrong impression that they were newer methods than the "Seven QC Tools" and that the Seven QC Tools had become obsolete. To avoid this, they were renamed the "Seven Management Tools for QC."
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Tatsuo IKEZAWA
Article type: Features 〔The Beginning of Quality Control ～ Searching for the Roots of Quality Control ～〕
2010 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
68-72
Published: January 15, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2017
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Anyone knows who devised the Task-Achieving QC Story. However, nobody knew who devised the Problem-Solving QC Story. But, I knew that it was used the words called "the QC Story" in the case of QC guidance late Professor Kaoru Ishikawa. He proposed only a "report" model, but I pushed forward improvement in it more. In addition, I unfolded as "a procedure of the improvement" and acted for the spread.
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