Most of the biomolecules have specific three-dimensional structures in water or hydrophobic environments, and form higher-order structures with high functions. To construct a highly functionalized and higher-order structure with a synthetic polymer, it is necessary to examine the fundamental formulation, to control the polymer’s primary structure, and to build the polymers up into a higher-order structure. In the field of polymer synthesis, various precision polymerization technologies have been developed. Therefore, these precision polymerization systems, which were mainly used for primary structure control, have been greatly expanded in the last decade so that they can be effectively used for control of self-assembly formation. Among them, reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is the best method used for self-assembly formation because it is metal-free, has almost no catalyst residue, and is a facile polymerization based on free radical polymerization. From this point of view, this comprehensive paper reviews precision “polymerization-induced self-assembly” (PISA) which is one-pot methodology to synthesize various block copolymer nanoobjects at high concentrations. In particular, this review describes how RAFT dispersion/emulsion polymerization directly synthesizes nanoobjects and some of their potential applications.
Approximately nine years have passed since the start of the global third 3D printer boom in around 2013. Looking around the world, 3D printing technology continues to evolve as Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, and, as a new manufacturing technology in the digital age, it is expanding to the manufacture of not only prototypes but also actual parts. During the COVID-19 crisis, it is also attracting attention as an urgent on-demand manufacturing technology in disrupted supply chains. This paper will explain the trends of the 3D printer market and related technologies based on the latest information from all over the world.
Polymer gels are materials characterized by high biocompatibility due to their high water content, high flexibility, and low friction, and have been applied to products such as soft contact lenses and disposable diapers. This paper will start with an explanation of the basic structure of polymer gels, and then introduce the development of high-strength gels and the application technology of 3D gel printing.