アフリカ研究

コンゴ北東部の狩猟採集民アカにおける摂食回避

竹内潔

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 1-28
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.1

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The Aka are the forest dwelling hunter-gatherers in western Congo Basin. The Aka inhabitting southern part of the Central African Republic, where is the fringe are of the tropical rain forest zone, have been studied by French anthropologists since 1970's. However, the Aka in the Congo Republic, who occupy the main body of the Aka population, have never been researched in terms of intensive survey.
This paper is a contribution to the study of food avoidance among the Aka, based on the several months' participant survey in northeastern Congo. The point emphasized in this paper is the personal aspect in the food avoidance in contrast to the social aspect as food restriction or food taboo.
The Aka individuals select and avoid many wild food species, especially wild animals, according to their self-consciousness on which stage he/she stands in the Aka life cycle, whereas several kinds of food taboos occasionally forces them not to eat meat of wild animals during the period they belong to youth or ‘woman’. Such double feature in food avoidance can be analyzed as a reflection of the essential character of the Aka society. Namely, the Aka has no rigid ideological constraint on sexes and generations which controls everyday acts of individuals.

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コンゴ, ヌアバレ=ンドキ国立公園に生息するゴリラ (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) の密度推定と集団編成の特徴

西原智昭

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 29-45
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.29

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The population density of western lowland gorillas in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, northern Congo, was estimated both by the “bed-census” method and the “counting” method based on bed-count and direct observation. The density was calculated as 1.92-2.56animals/km² and 2.29-2.61 animals/km² respectively. Because this was the first time to attempt the “bed-census” method in the Ndoki forest, direct comparison of population density was possible between western lowland gorilla populations at all study sites. It was concluded that the density of the Ndoki gorillas was highest. High population density of the Ndoki gorillas was considered to be possible because they have access to a wide repertoire of foods such as highly nutritious terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) and various kinds of fruits and seeds, corresponding to the seasonal fluctuation of food availability. Although the feeding habits and habitat were different between western and eastern gorillas, they shared a basically one-male group composition, large group size, and unit groups that largely shared their home ranges with each other.

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遊牧民の集落小史

ケニア北東部ガリの事例

湖中真哉

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 47-70
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.47

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In this paper I describe a micro-history of a hamlet of the Garri in northern Kenya and then try to clarify some characteristics of their society. The Garri are a Cushitic speaking pastoral nomads who live in the Ethiopia-Kenya-Somalia borderlands. They frequently migrate looking for pastures and water. I spent about six months in the ‘Mwalim’ Mohamed's hamlet, named after its chief, following changes in its locations and membership. I call this diachronic aspect ‘microhistory’.
The micro-history of the hamlet reveals, firstly, that each family may be seen as an autonomous unit in terms of pastoral management, migration and ownership of the livestock. It is entitled to leave the hamlet at its will if trouble should happen. In fact during the six months only the family of ‘Mwalim’ Mohamed remained as a continuous member of the hamlet: the others came and went. Secondly it was found out that the hamlet does not provide a framework of cooperation and that the hamlet chief does not exercise much power. Therefore a hamlet can exist merely as a neighborhood. In conclusion I suggest that their society may be characterized as an ‘individualistic association’. They regard individual choices as more important than the integration of the society.

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あの男は奴隷だ

マリ共和国キタ地方における階層的社会理念の衰退について

中村雄祐

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 71-86
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.71

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Most of precolonial societies in West Sudan (actually the Republic of Mali) were characterised by their tripartite hierarchical social structure: freemen/artisans and musicians/slaves. But their hierarchical structure dinsintegrated under the colonial rule by France. The French colonial state abolished the slavery and established a highly centralized bureaucratic administrative system. The process of disintegration of hierarchical structure of local societies was finally accomplished, at least on the administrative level, by the independence of the nation-state, the Republic of Mali in 1960. The government provided all the inhabitants in the territory with a single and equal status of “citoyen”.
In the late 1980s, the author undertook research on the oral history in the area of Kita (Région de Kayes). Before the colonization there was a small Malinke tripartite society (kafu) in this area, but it has almost disappeared except for some nominal and symbolic titles like village chiefs. The inhabitants, who include many newcomers since colonization, consider themselves as “kitaka (kitan)” of equal status. But in the course of research the author was told by some old kitans some “secret truths” on the “slave descent” of certain local leaders like village chiefs. They criticized the fact that many descendants of slaves hid their origins and occupied the positions of leaders (nyamogoya) now. But the author found that these “secret truths” were scarcely uncovered, and even if uncovered, they could not maintain their force as criticisms against the occupation of chieftaincies by men of suspicious descent. In this paper the author examines the process of disintegration of the hierarchical social structure and the decline of its ideology in the area of Kita, and considers the meaning of “slave descent” in the present-day Kita.

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南西ケニア・グルマン地方の乾季におけるツェツェバエ2種の吸血源動物について

佐々木均

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 87-96
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.87

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In total, the 3, 050 individuals of tsetse flies belonging to Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis were collected at 2 different vegitation of 2 preventive different areas in Nguruman, southwest Kenya by NG2G traps in the dry season of 1992.
Female G. pallidipes was the most predominant followed by male of G. pallidipes. G. longipennis was few at the prevent area.
Both sex of G. pallidipes were captured more by the evening collection and in contrastly, both sex of G. longipennis were captured more by the morning one.
All the 339 individuals (11.1%) were examined their blood meals by direct ELISA to know their origin and 155 (46%) were determined. The most predominant source was bushbuck for both sex and species followed by ostrich, elephant, warthog and buffalo.
The author concluded that bushbuck, elephant, warthog and buffalo are important as the natural reservoir of Trypanosoma spp. and ostrich and the 4 above mentioned wildlife have the important role in the reproduction of the tsetse flies.

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コンゴにおけるアフリカ大型類人猿の臨床病理学的ならびに比較解剖学的研究

葉山杉夫

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 97-107
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.97

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菅原和孝著『身体の人類学-カラハリ狩猟採集民グウィの日常行動』河出書房新社1993年311頁

北村光二

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 109-112
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.109

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山極寿一著『ゴリラとヒトの間』講談社現代新書1993年317頁

高畑由起夫

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 112-115
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.112

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梶茂樹著『アフリカをフィールドワークする』大修館書店1993年224頁

木村大治

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 115-117
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.115

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岡倉登志, 北川勝彦著『日本-アフリカ交流史-明治期から第二次世界大戦期まで-』同文館1993年

森川純

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 117-119
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.117

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Isaria N. KIMAMBO Penetration & Protest in Tanzania; The Impact of the World Economy on the Pare 1860-1960, London, James Currey, 1991, xii+188pp

吉田昌夫

1994 年 1994 巻 44 号 p. 119-122
発行日: 1994/03/31
公開日: 2010/04/30

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1994.119

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