Recently, the approach of the quantitative grasp and evaluation for a biodiversity has been advanced on the international and the national level. Then, in order to contribute to the effective discussion using the quantitative information for the biodiversity conservation policy, we extracted quantitative information had used for The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan and The Basic Environment Plan. In addition, we tried to arrange the role and the transition of them. As a result, we clarified that in the politics of the national level, the quantitative information for “Situation grasp” and “Situation evaluation” on biodiversity conservation were getting stock, however the quantitative grasp of “Forecast in the future” had not been achieved enough and the information for understanding and evaluating the environment state had not been reflected on the target and the policy evaluation yet. In addition, we suggested the possibilities that plans were given priority in either “Policy assessment” or “Goal settings” by the property difference of them.

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In tandem with continuing demographic shifts, such as declining birth rates and the ageing of society, the number of vacant lots in suburban residential zones is expected to increase. Accordingly, research which sheds light on factors contributing to the emergence and persistence of vacant lots is of critical importance for the future course of urban planning. This research examines the relationships between the emergence and persistence of vacant lots and topography, an important component of urban structure, through an analysis of Kashiwa, a typical suburban area on the fringe of the Tokyo Metropolis. Vacant lots are classified into 18 different processional patterns based on land-cover determined from air photos from three periods: 1970, 1989, and 2007. Our results demonstrate that vacant lots which have persisted for most of the study period (>18 years) are strongly correlated with lower elevations, sloped land, and altered terrain. As a result, we suggest that the emergence and persistence of vacant lots is strongly correlated with topography, and discuss how to effectively utilize vacant lots according to their topographical situation.

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In the urban-rural fringe areas of numerous large Southeast Asian cities, residential districts are facing serious environmental problems due to a lack of proper land-use plans and urban greenery management schemes. The preparation of green spaces is essential for the amelioration of many residents' living environments. Despite this, the spatial and functional conditions of residential green spaces are vague in particular; green spaces inside dominant gated subdivisions have been rarely examined. For this study, we focused on green spaces prepared within subdivisions in the urban fringes of Bangkok, Thailand and examined spatial distribution, quantity and institutional backgrounds of these green spaces. We found that legal obligations to a housing developers and rising market demands for the preparation of green spaces have a strong influence on the currently increasing number of in-subdivision green spaces. We propose that it is necessary to more strictly implement a legal framework to allocate in-subdivision green spaces, as well as to develop comprehensive management schemes in dealing with both in- and out-subdivision green spaces.

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Green spaces covered by trees in urbanized area are known to have many ecological functions. It is, therefore, strongly needed to understand the features of green spaces distribution and it's change in order to establish a sound environmental plan, especially in Asian mega-cities where rapid urbanization is being observed. In this study, GIS analysis and field survey were integrated to examine the changes in green spaces in Metro Manila, Philippines, one of the most rapidly growing cities in Southeast Asia. First, the aerial photos taken in 1997 and the satellite image (Quickbird image) taken in 2004 were used to examine the change of green spaces in the urban fringe of Metro Manila. The tree cover ratio of the study site increased from 10.9% (1997) to 12.4% (2004). Vegetation survey, then, was implemented and the factors that caused the increase were identified for newly created tree cover area through the field investigation and interviews to the residents. The tree plantation by the residents contributed 80% of the increase. These indicated that the plantation by the residents was considered to be very active although they pay more attention to if it's edible than if it's good for environment. This trend of increase was, still, favorable for the improvement of environmental condition in urban fringe areas.

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This study aims to make clear the role of public open spaces for locations of the regional resources useful to learn the local history such as monuments or relics, focusing the type of public open spaces and the historical background of their surrounding areas. The field survey was conducted in Higashinada Ward, Kobe City in 2007, selecting city parks, vacant spaces in governmental offices or public cultural facilities, vacant spaces in community facilities and precinct yards of shrines or temples as the target types of public open spaces. The result is as follows. According to the type of the public open spaces, precinct yards have the most regional resources in sum total, then followed by parks, community facilities, and public offices. Precinct yards have the most in a ratio with the regional resources, then followed by community facilities, public offices, and city parks. According to the historical background of the surrounding areas, precinct yards have the most regional resources in the old settlement areas than in the other areas, and parks have the most in the areas formed before the World War 2.

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This paper studies on the ways in which partnership by local authority and resident could be established in the process of planning and management of public space to discuss on how the city planning could lead the best use of a regional resource. It particularly looks at the developments of an urban river,maintained and managed by local authorities,such as Shinmachi River in Tokushima City. The process of the developments of Shinmachi River can be devided in four stages.They are the stages of improving the water quality,creating riverside park to revitalise economic activity around the river,establishing community active groups,and concering the designs of riverside buildings.In the discussion of the use of regional resource with city planning,the following three points are emerged.Firstly it would be need for different sectors with in to collaborate together in order to deliver synthetic developments around the riverside.Secondly continuous and various activity are demanded to lead the cities interested on urban amenity to be maintained.Thirdly we have to concern on not only views from the river but also ones looking at the river.

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This paper analyzes the effect of various urban development projects on the open spaces environment on the fringe of Tokyo Ward areas that were once designated as green districts in 1948-1969 and presents some proposals for green open space policies. The history of policies on parks and open spaces in Tokyo was divided into three periods from the viewpoint of urbanization. Based on previous urban development and open space policies, target areas are categorized into eight types. A study based on a survey on each type's open space environment revealed the following three points: (1) The stringent building restrictions pertaining to green districts and subsequent well-planned development projects in the rapid urbanization period helped making many green open spaces in the present built-up area. (2) The stringent building restrictions pertaining to planned parks by the city planning law are not enough to keep green open spaces. (3) Categorization based on the historical process of urbanization policies is useful for parks and open space control, especially for urban redevelopment areas.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of urban environmental structure on Koto delta area, a part of Arakawa river basin, through the review of land infrastructure development based on watershed development and transition of the artificial topographic change. On alluvial plain of Arakawa river basin, which used be tidal wetland before Edo period, large industrial area had been developed since around 1880s and their overuse of groundwater caused serious land subsidence. About 80% of Koto delta area is still below Tokyo Peil (T.P.) . Current landform is unveiled in the area below T.P. by the information of digital elevation model. Through the chronological study of topographic map overlaying the elevation model, relationship between urbanization and its land condition is inferred. Although entire ground level on Koto delta area was depressed, the range of land subsidence of an area by canals is low. On the other hand, in the other areas between plural canals, which were rapidly developed in early 1900s, the range is high. The difference of urbanization speed and scale affect the land condition and the range of land subsidence. Those land characteristics by canals is evaluated as "Artificial levee" which could be an urban environmental structure on Koto delta area.

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The purpose of this paper is historical analysis of agricultural waterway system which was settled in downtown Tokyo, based on investigation during 1954-1955 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Kamishimonowari Waterway was settled at Katsushika district in the East of Edo in the beginning of 18th century for agricultural waterway. It changed in use, serving another purposes because of the agricultural decline by city development. Used for drainage of city life and industrial factory, it became polluted. After the World War II, it was berried, because of solution of traffic problem. Now in Heisei era, some parts of this waterway remain as open space. The part of connection to Koaidame, the source of the stream was sustained by law for designation of scenic zone of 1930. There remain other small parts of promenades with water. The history is divided in 4 eras, Edo era (1603-1868), Meiji era (1868-1912), Taisho-Showa era before World War II (1912-1945) and Showa-Heisei era after World War II (1945-). The maps of each era are put into GIS to see the transition of land use around the waterway. The purpose of total waterway system still remains important in regards to environment and city landscape in the future to come.

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Using the Solid Waste Management Program of Holy Spirit, a neighborhood of Quezon City and the larger Metro Manila area, as a case study, this research aims to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems in developing countries. To accomplish this, two aspects of the present system of Holy Spirit are first evaluated: (1) the reduction of organic waste and recycling of compost and (2) the quantity of organic waste and compost produced. Then, the amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within Holy Spirit was measured to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. Our results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighboring farm villages. However, our analysis of potential compost-use within the Holy Spirit area demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.

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Confronted with global climate change and steadily rising energy costs, the formation of a “Low Carbon Society” has become imperative. In this endeavor, green space maintenance and subsequent utilization of harvested biomass has an important role to play. Green space maintenance serve to fix carbon (CO2), while woody biomass provides an essentially carbon neutral alternative energy source. In this study, we estimated the amount of carbon fixation and reduction in Kashiwa city, a suburban area of Tokyo, Japan based on three maintenance scenarios; a) “carbon fixation”, b) “biomass utilization and carbon fixation”, and c) “intensive biomass utilization”. Since various types of biomass resources are found in suburban areas, we assumed a mixed biomass utilization scenario which takes advantage of scale and enables cost-savings. Our results indicate that a total of 6,000-6,500 CO2 - t/yr could be fixed and reduced. In addition, we found that the different maintenance scenarios had negligible effect on the outcomes. The results of this research provide critical insight into how green space maintenance planning might not only enhance carbon fixation, but also reduce carbon emissions if appropriate woody biomass utilization methods can be implemented.

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Urban fringe areas are in need of new land-use regulations to more effectively manage lands abandoned as a result of shrinking urban land-use, population decrease, and agricultural abandonment. This study focuses on non-industrial agricultural land-uses, defined here as non-market oriented agricultural cultivation. More specifically, this study examines the formation process of non-industrial agricultural land-uses through an analysis of the transition of agricultural land-use in two areas located within the urban fringe of greater Tokyo. Agricultural land-use transition was extrapolated from land-cover transformation determined through analysis of aerial photographs (1974 to 2000). In addition, changes in land-user and purpose of land-use were determined through interviews with local residents and agricultural census data. The results of this research indicate that, in 1974, non-industrial agricultural land-uses were primarily conducted by farmers managing 'kitchen gardens'. However, as of 2000, non-industrial agricultural land-uses have been greatly expanded and now occur on unimproved paddy fields and mulberry fields which have declined in value. Non-industrial uses are currently conducted by urban residents and farmers for personal consumption. The results of this study demonstrate that non-industrial agricultural land-uses have significant potential to manage abandoned lands in urban fringe areas.

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This research examines the transformation of reed beds in Omihachiman, a city on the eastern shore of Lake Biwa, between 1920-2005. In contrast with other areas around Lake Biwa, the study area of continues to be involved in reed-land management and the production of reed-derived goods; however, even in this area, reed production is in decline and local life styles continue to change such that conserving and managing reed beds has become complicated. Owing to this continuing legacy and the threats it faces, this area was designated as a cultural landscape in 2006 by the Agency of Cultural Affairs. This research focuses on land-use changes and the transformation of reed beds. This is accomplished mainly through an examination of topographical maps and historical records. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between historical reed-production and the current distribution of reed beds. In addition, land reclamation, river construction projects have shaped today's reed landscape. Finally, movements to conserve reed beds as cultural properties and to preserve biodiversity have affected their distribution. The historical transformation of reed beds illustrates the importance of maintaining and regenerating the relationships between humans and reed beds when planning for cultural landscape conservation.

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In the present research, the expansion of bamboo stands is viewed as the expansion of regional landscape resources. Here we derived the types of fundamental conditions and utilization conditions for regional typology for the purpose of systematic conservation of rural landscapes through the utilization of bamboo stands. Oita prefecture, which contains an outstanding number of bamboo stands even on the background of the high number of bamboo stands nationwide, was chosen as the target research area. Consequently, we derived the utilization conditions for bamboo and bamboo stands by examining and understanding the historical aspects of bamboo as well as the topographical aspects of bamboo stands and the relations between bamboo stands on one hand and settlements and roads on the other. As a result, it was found that bamboo stands are categorized as“easy for utilization”,“feasible for utilization” and“difficult for utilization” with respect to their utilization by humans, and we determined the target people for the utilization of each type. In this research, the effective fundamental conditions were classified for the purpose of examining the utilization methods for each area in the future. Furthermore, it was considered that bamboo and bamboo stands comprise area-specific landscape resources in agricultural areas, as well as that the landscape resulting from their utilization represents the specific landscape of the area.

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Urban parks have an important role as the children's neighboring playground, and it is necessary to realize the facility design fitting to children's demands in case establishing or modifying urban parks. In this study, questionnaire survey was carried out targeting children of two elementary schools located close to urban park newly planned site in Sapporo City. Several elements were extracted as a result of adding up children's drawings and descriptions, and principal component analysis was applied for analyzing relationships of these elements. Moreover, cluster analysis was carried out for investigating the differences of children's urban park facility demands according to their age and gender. As a result, several findings which should be considered establishing or modifying urban park facility for children's use were figured out.

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In Japan, public concern for child safety is increasing rapidly, and“neighborhood watch” programs for school-age children are widely implemented nowadays. This study aimed to identify a relationship between outdoor activities of small children and neighborhood activities of adults based on the analysis of GPS data. We conducted a monitoring study of activities of 28 elementary school students for two weeks by using GPS data loggers. At the same time, we also monitored adult's“neighborhood watch” activities that were implemented by 28 parents and 5 voluntary groups in a school district. The analysis of GPS data indicated that the spatial patterns of children's activities varied considerably across time. In particular, the GPS data of children's after school behavior indicated that the spatial concentration of children's activities shifted from roads to/from school to playgrounds as time passes. It was also found that, although the existing“neighborhood watch” activities tended to focus on roads from school, the activities did not fully cover children's playgrounds such as parks and wooded areas. Finally, we discussed the future direction of“neighborhood watch” activities in outdoor public spaces.

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We must reconsider the relationship between children's friend and their playground, in the age when it is difficult for children to make friends because of a decrease in number of children or increased lessons after school. The purpose of this study is to clarify the structure of children's groups and the relationship between the structure and playground, focusing individual situation. As a result, it was cleared that each child has different size of the structure of playing groups, and a small structure has tendency to contain particular groups, such as a group of only classmates or only brothers. A Positive correlation was found between the size of the structure of playing groups and the variation of playground they use. This correlation was based on not only the number of playing groups, but also the difference of a set of playgrounds used by one group. The difference of a set of playgrounds was caused by the character of playmates, the kind of playing activities they like, the location of playground, or equipment of playground.

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A situation of people's lives in rural areas is discussed through analyses of a population distribution and a questionnaire survey for the residents about impressions of their lives. The population distribution is investigated by overlaying GIS data including land use, terrains, distance from the city centers and climatic data, and it was led that there is a clear tendency that the population of rural areas is under influences of terrains, distances from urban areas and climatic situations. It is also made clear by the questionnaire survey that the impression of residents about life in the rural area is affected by two factors, the population of a community and the ratio of aged people, and that each exerted a different type influence on evaluations of the impression about their lives. It is probably because that both influence vigor of the community and potential powers for mutual aids. In this case the population is clarified to be more influential than the ratio of aged people at least in case the ratio is less than 45%.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate externality of parks, grounds etc. and forest using ASTER image which is one of the satellite remote sensing data and land use GIS data. For this purpose, we use hedonic approach. We extract forest using ASTER image, and parks, grounds etc. using land use GIS data. And we classify forest and parks, grounds etc. into forest in parks, grounds etc., non-forest in parks, grounds etc. and forest not in parks, grounds etc. We apply the south western area of Tokyo, which are Shinagawa Ward, Ohta Ward, Setagaya Ward, Meguro Ward, Shibuya Ward, Suginami Ward and Nakano Ward. The results were as follows. 1) In linear and semi-log, these models were the most fit to land price when the externality of parks, grounds etc. and forest were within 250m from land price point. 2) Forest in parks, grounds etc. within 250m from land price point was positive to land price and statistically significant at the 1% level. 3) Forest not in parks, grounds etc. within 250m from land price point was not statistically significant to land price.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the influence to the condominium price by the green space in its site, and the maintenance state of green. For this purpose I made the regression model to estimate the price by using some factors like its position, size of the site, height of building, size of green space, and so on. Also I investigated the maintenance state of green by the questionnaire to the residents' council. As the result, I found that the green space had a positive influence to the price of the condominium. In addition, it was guessed that the maintenance state of green space has influence to the price.

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This study aimed to determine the influential factors which relate with the stable change of population size in the local municipalities, using multivariate analysis such as multi-regression analysis. Drawing various data on green environment and city component factors from all cities in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region area in Japan, multi-regression analysis are executed in order to examine a relation between the change of population size (social increase) and relating with green environment factors. The following results are to be explained as of fundamental new findings. (1) The ratio of population (under 15 years old), the revitalization degree of industry, and the park area more than 1 ha shows the strong relation with social increase raise. (2) The degree of the influence on a social increase is different depending on the distance from Tokyo Station, and it has been evident from 30 to 40km. (3) Municipalities which have lot of parks of 1ha or more in area and more of 0.25 per square kilometer in density show the good relation with social increase of recent ten years. Therefore, the index which relates with the existence of the park of more than 1ha was considered as the key factor which relates with the realization of stable and positive change of population size.

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This study discusses KUMAZAWA Banzan (1619-1691), a representative thinker in the Edo Period in Japan , and reviews what influences his philosophy of environmental conservation had on the forest conservation policy in Okayama Domain to redefine him as an environmental thinker. As a result of reviewing the philosophy of environmental conservation in his representative works, "Shugi washo," "Shugi qaisho," and "Daigaku wakumon," and the past records of the forest conservation measures in Okayama Domain, it has become clear that it was a pioneering case of applying his philosophy to public policies and achieving conservational effects. It is required of modern environmental philosophies not to remain merely academic but to promote social change. Banzan's philosophy is an early example of philosopher's social contribution. It is hoped that this article points out the necessity to review the philosophies in Edo Period from the aspect of environmental philosophies and study them further.

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This study is based on the comprehensive collection of geographical maps that show reclaimed-lands on Tokyo Bay Area constructed through the end of Edo period to today. It aims to figure out of factors that effected and determined the form of reclaimed-lands, and also to reflect the dynamism between factors and forms from the morphological viewpoint. The research reveals five ocean-topographical factors and three artificial. Observing the process in which reclaimed-land forms emerge out on the ocean surface, the study reveals a particular behavior between factors and those forms: ‘metamorphosis of factor' of topographical factors that causes ‘double delay effect', and it also provides a way of interpretation of forms as the structure of ‘mainstay form' and ‘pleats form'. The collection of maps includes several unrealized plans in past that prove the appropriate relationship between topographical factor and forms is critical even in our era with developed civil engineering.

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This study aims to analyze the space composition and line of flow of Shinto shrines, particularly the ‘Kyu-Kampeitaisha' shrines in Nara Prefecture, which are large and important shrines of the old hierarchy. The analysis is based on a comparison with small and medium size shrines. Eight shrines were investigated considering their location, surroundings, composition elements and their composition. The results show that the large shrines have remarkable geomorphic characteristics. The locations were mainly chosen by geomorphic characteristics. This as a cause, the relations of the shrines and surrounding elements declined. Moreover, most of the ‘Kyu-Kampeitaisha' shrines comprise the inner shrines, the outer shrines, open spaces and approaches, and the scale of shrines depends on the length of approaches. The compositions that met the geomorphic characteristics and intentional compositions, which were modeled on the geomorphic characteristics, were seen in the line of flow. However, a few compositions irrelevant to the geomorphic characteristics were also seen. Approaches give rise to asymmetrical space compositions, which, in general, can find a commonality with the Japanese sense.

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Considering the increase of financial deficits, it becomes more important to select lower cost and more effective strategy in green space acquisition and enhancement. There exist many methods for the green space acquisition and enhancement, such as development of city parks, conservation of woods, and application of greening district. Each method has the different public cost performance for the fulfillment. Therefore, it is necessary for the policy-making to compare the cost performance in the different methods. This paper tries to show the models of the cost performance and to evaluate the public cost and benefit of methods. For achieving this purpose, this paper firstly surveys the government green space policy from the point of view of the cost, secondly shows the model of the public and private cost of each method, and explain the benefit by comparing the effectiveness and longevity of green space acquired by each method, and thirdly evaluate the ongoing methods of government and local authorities by this model, finally discuss about the directions of future green space policy.

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In this article it is argued that creating multifunctional landscapes or allowing a landscape to serve multiple purposes is the key to sustainable landscape development. For a landscape to be sustainable, it needs to be well cared for and maintained. It also needs to have a built-in mechanism to absorb changes (disturbances and developments) toward increasing resiliency. Landscape ecological planning such as greenways, ecological networks, and ecological infrastructure is suited to address multifunctional landscapes. The strength of multifunctional landscapes is their ability to afford the needs of diverse users, thus appealing to diverse constituents with various recreational, cultural, and ecological needs/objectives. This leads to a lasting support from these user groups and this support is crucial for landscape sustainability. Multiple uses also facilitate efficient use of time and space, which is an especially attractive feature in urban landscapes where space is limited and a land mosaic is fine and heterogeneous. Time, space, and use conflicts necessarily arise when trying to accommodate multiple competing/conflicting uses. These conflicts can be dealt with strategies such as spatial and temporal separation of uses, stacking, limiting access, and the use of permit to control use.

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Though many papers have been published on avian distribution in urban areas and on the factors that influenced species richness and / or composition of bird communities in urban habitats, no convenient measure of environmental evaluation of avian habitats along urbanization gradient has been developed. In the present study an environmental evaluation index using avian species composition is proposed based on the previous studies on avian distribution along urbanization gradient. Bird species were classified into two categories, i.e., urban avoider and urban adapter considering the distribution range of each species along urbanization gradient. Species that were recorded widely along the gradient were categorized as urban adapters while species that mainly occurred on the rural part of the gradient were categorized as urban avoiders. Based on the classification a new index of avian habitat evaluation was proposed as the sum of the number of urban adaptor species and two times of the number of urban avoider species. The appropriateness of the bird species classification and the effectiveness of the index were discussed.

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Primary purpose of this paper is to show how the regional structure of natural environment was integrated into planning and design of open spaces through the process of land development for collective housing in hilly areas of suburban districts. A case study was made in Tsurumai district of Nara City that was developed in mid 1960s. Extensive research in land formation process and its results based on the information generated by overlaying grading plans upon the original topography indicates the following points. (1) land formation in the housing site followed basic structure of the original micro topography and generated variety of land form which was identified as a fractal elements found in the regional structures of natural environment. (2) The variety of land forms provided spaces for parks, pedestrian spaces, parking lots and other public facilities, and altogether they support the entire system of spatial organization in the housing site. Also, by a comparative study of existing vegetation and those of the original planting plan, it was indicated that environmental stock represented by existing vegetation was developed mostly in the spaces generated by the land formation process in the site.

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Since fundamental structures of natural environment had not been altered deeply throughout the development process of Senri New Town, some segments of those structures are still underlying in open spaces including most urban parks of the area. Detailed research into the procedures of land formation in initial development process indicates that area and volume of earthworks were kept minimum based on the original topographical conditions, and as a result, hydraulic system of the area was preserved. These conditions affect planning of the parks, and the areas that contain the original landform and vegetation were located according to the land formation. Also, some athletic grounds in the parks were placed in the area where irrigation ponds were encroached nearby the original topography and vegetation. Based on those notions, the following points are acknowledged as proposals for restructuring open space system in the area for future. (1) Parks and open spaces should be restored in the way to preserve and enhance the regional hydraulic system, which has an indispensable value in the environment. (2) Land use pattern should be reorganized through the renewal process of collective housing sites including conversion of substantial area to open space. (3) Natural environment of the areas designated to athletic grounds by encroaching irrigation ponds should be revitalized through integrating water features of various kinds into functions of the existing parks.

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This study aims to examine the status quo of information about Japanese National Parks on the websites, and discuss how we can raise people's recognition of National Parks. In this study, the site-access quantity, search rank, and contents of each website related to National Parks were surveyed mainly, that are provided by many organizations of some groups. To add to them, the difference of National Park information between some groups of park-sites was surveyed. As a result, unbalance of contents between each group of sites, relative lowness of recognition of park-sites, and effectiveness of using sites of “local administrative organization” to raise recognition of National Park by providing information for users were shown. In addition, possibility to raise recognition of sites by various information, and importance of sharing roles of each park-site were suggested in this study.

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In this study were compared three different management type sandy coast , and considered as subjects for appropriate recreational use management on Ishikari coast, Hokkaido. 1,000 questionnaire surveys were distributed on the site and 375 were returned back by mail. The purposes of the visitors, and also their attributes, were different in regard to the management type of the coast. The park users were elder and were interested in conservation of coastal plants. Although the beach users should have paid for parking lots, they had complained about insufficient facilities and their maintenance. The non-managed beach users had various purposes, like swimming, camping, fishing, ATV and PWC riding, but such purposes had caused conflict between users, and had significantly higher points of awareness of the issues such as leaving garbage, human waste, and annoyed other visitors. As a result of this research it may be concluded that strict rules and regulations are needed for non-managed beaches for sustainable recreational use. It can also be suggested that the collection of entrance fees or parking charge at non-managed beaches will work effectively towards user management. Coastal managers should develop sustainable management strategy and preserve the coasts for the future generations.

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Recently, people say that in Japan,“This is an era in which existing parks are to be used rather than new ones made.” Governments, both national and local, have started making park management plans with citizen participation. I analyzed the creation of park management plans and investigated related laws and systems in New Zealand while considering the social differences. New Zealand is famous for successful conservation and improved administration of the environment as well as the active use of parks. As a result of this research, I found that improved laws, including the Resource Management Act, the Local Government Act and the Reserves Act, influenced the creation of management plans for national and local parks. For example, parks are classified and defined by their objectives, and plans are positioned as proof of promises about the rights of Maori and of the coexistence of ecological conservation ideals and cultural and historical backgrounds. Furthermore, park management plans are effective and impact plans for redevelopment in the future. These plans are also prepared by national and local governments in cooperation and partnership with citizens. I verified that, based on natural and social resources, these plans for the parks function as contracts between the government and citizens.

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Farming and rural experience activities are well practiced in rural areas. However, it is difficult to sustain such activities because of problems such as a shortage of manpower and excessive work. This study aimed to analyze the structure of motivation and incentive for the stakeholders to take part in the program of such activities, on the basis of the participatory researches in three typical activities. In addition, we tried to identify the conditions for sustainable program of farming and rural experience activities. According to results, participation in such activities could be clearly attributed to intense psychological motivation such as interest in agriculture, education, enlightenment, and interaction with members involved in such activities. Moreover, incentive such as the reward and opportunity of exchange contributes to enhance the motivation of stakeholders. Therefore, we need to design the program so that the incentive works interactively among the stakeholders. In particular, the incentive of collaborator must be created to assure sustainability of activities.

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This study aims to clarify important issues on recreational use of the countryside in Scotland under access rights which the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 established as a new statutory right. An author examined issues raised during the consultation process of the Scottish Outdoor Access Code (SOAC) which included practical guidance for both recreation users who exercise the access rights and landowners and occupiers. The consideration is based on analysis of the consultation reports of the SOAC and an interview with staff of the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). The results obtained from the study are summarised as follows: While the SNH undertook an extensive public consultation, a large number of responses were made, particularly by landowners and land managers. The comments on the draft SOAC are quite different between recreational users and land managers. It is important to reduce concerns of land managers about the access through farmlands, the access with dogs to livestock fields and the access at night and to avoid friction between those exercising access rights and those managing farmlands by establishing the proper Code.

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Spaces under elevated highway tracks are likely to be given negative images as dark, dirty, and low security spaces. So people tend to stay away from that kind of spaces. Nowadays, people recognize the Metropolitan Expressway (ME) as the negative heritage of rapid economic growth while its underneath spaces are still undeveloped. Therefore, this study tried to make clear the actual condition how people use a play lot built under the ME, on the basis of a survey on existing land use of underneath spaces of the ME along the tracks. Comparing to the ordinary play lot adjacent to the under-ME play lot, play activities were examined by observation, and accesses, frequency of using, staying time and evaluation for the play lot were examined by Questionnaires. As a result, it was observed that a under-ME play lot has some significance as “nitch” spaces where indoors-type activities like card games were remarkable. It can be said that some planning theories dealing with such kinds of usages of play lots or public parks are further needed in highly dense and sterically developed urban environments.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between user's consciousness and the development of design and their space in Shikishima park. The main conclusions were as follows; (1)The history of Shikishima park could be divided into forth stage of "Age of the symbolize scene and the activity to nature", "Age of park where sports facilities and leisure facilities were enhanced ", "Age of Park facilities as resources for tourism and separation as zone "and "Age of the execution patch in children's play facilities and the events of nationwide scales ". (2)The scenery of original design to Shikishima park had proposed three points of view; "the background of nature and the potential of land", "the material of landscape which was esteemed" and "the forecast of using". As a result, it is important for renovate the park of planning to researches on the spatial characteristic and the original design.

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The maintenance of city scenery for expanding the identity of the city from the viewpoint of pedestrians will be more emphasized henceforth, so that the aim of this paper is to solve the mechanism of scenery, based on the scenery of mountains and the sequence of scenery that pedestrians see in the urban area of Kobe city. After comprehending the citizen's consciousness toward scenery of mountains based on the survey, we photographed in the view corridors chosen for viewing points of mountains from the citizen's point of view and through analysis of photographs the interaction between the sequence of scenery and the gradation of mountain scenery viewed by pedestrians became obvious. As a result, types of viewing points of mountains, the interesting change of the sequence of scenery in the winding streets, cadence of the sequence of scenery and the gradation of mountain scenery, types of interaction between the sequence of scenery and the gradation of mountain scenery became clarified.

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This study aims to focus on the interrelation between open space and residence environment; analyze some significant reasons from multiple reasons to form the residence choice; Examine interests and usage of the open spaces; And finally draw a conclusion how the slope green affects residence choice and what the actual relationship is. By conducting residents survey dwelling at high-rise housing area in Jwadong, Haeundae-gu, Busan city, it finds some core factors through conjoint analysis, and by using covariance structure analysis method, it concludes the way in which the slop green affects the environment. As a result, it insists degree of inclination between a nearby station and the house, stories of housing, window view from the slop green can be relative factors to decide the environment. In addition, it has become clear that views if the slope green in accordance with the height of the housing has a significant relationship to expect the efficiency of the residence choice and some factors of the slope green valued by the degree of open spaces attention affect the choice for the residence environment.

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Inhabitant in recycling society is presumed to be required to have concept of economic values that differ from that of inhabitant in present society in Japan. Recycling society in rural area in Japan has not constructed and it is difficult to estimate how concept of economic values will be required in recycling society. On the other hand, Karen race in Union of Myanmar have sustained self-sufficient lifestyle which presents recycling society. In this paper, concept of economic values by Karen villagers is discussed. Literature survey was conducted to reveal their traditional natural resource utilization and outline of social system. Interview and observation was conducted to reveal their present natural resource utilization in three Karen villages. Wealth ranking method was applied to reveal local concept of economic values. Result of the ranking was compared to money based economic values.

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We conducted a survey of the park breeze in Daisen Park in Sakai City, Osaka, between August 21-24, 2007, and the most remarkable park breeze was observed on August 24. On this day, the park breeze phenomenon was greatest at the intersection of land and sea breezes, and a slow air current intersected perpendicularly with the outer edge of the park towards an urban area within the whole park area. Although the park breeze phenomenon was observed even for sea and land breezes of only 1.0 m/s, wind direction disorder of the park breeze might arise in response to the influence of wind, resulting in the lack of park breeze on the windward side.

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A rooftop greening has many useful functions. In these functions, a flood peak reduced functions influenced by the rainfall patterns. Therefore, to implement the rooftop greenings promising control rainfall outflow, it is available to analyze rainfall patterns, propose “Rooftop greening suitable site map” , and discuss about these relationships. In this study, the aim was to clarify the properties of suitable site for a rooftop greening. Collecting the meteorological data and the flood disaster data, we grasped the urban structure and rainfall pattern of urban inundation disaster factors. Based on the evaluation data, the building ratio, the average of floor area, the road density, and land use, we considered the rooftop greening area. By the results from the simulation of the quantity of rainfall outflow, we could verify the reduction effect of rainfall outflow by rooftop greening in early stage of localized torrential rain.

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In order to verify the increased comfort level, which can be achieved by increasing the shade provided by greenery in urban areas, we conducted the following experiment in the summer of 2007. We created a shaded green area in Tokyo with trees planted in containers, and measured the physiological and psychological effects on people and the cooling effect on the environment. When we measured the relative temperature before and after the installation (the green shaded area and the paving blocks) and compared the results inside the green shaded area against an un-shaded area, we found that a reduction of 2~3degree C had been achieved. Furthermore, we carried out a physiological test of the effects on twenty subjects and by testing their saliva we found that there had been a notable decrease in the level of cortisol. In a mood-profiling test (Profile of Mood States) we found that the subjects' irritability and aggression scores were also significantly lower, when measured before and after, under the shaded green area. These results indicate that even with a small area of shaded greenery, a certain level of environmental cooling can be achieved and they also demonstrate that there is an improvement in the physiological and mental state of people living in urban environments, proving, therefore, with quantitative data that there is a possibility for green shaded areas to make city life more pleasant.

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In this research, the focus was appropriated to "Tenyaku" that was the joint control in the environment of village done for a long time in Nakatsubo,Hyogo. The transition of Tenyaku work and knowledge of engaging people about the work was investigated. The work of Tenyaku was classified into environmental maintenance and“Furusatomura” activity (the exchange with the city resident that had started in 2003) and the afforestation. As a result, the afforestation and environmental maintenance were done chiefly in 1955, and the afforestation was numerous with 95.5% of the entire Tenyaku in 1965.In 1993's, the frequency of Tenyaku decreased and the afforestation was done mainly. After 2004, the afforestation was decreases to 23.9%, and“Furusatomura” activity was just about the same. And the purpose to participate in Tenyaku of engaging people had changed from "To live in the village" in old times (In about the 1965) to "To maintain communication in the village " now (After 2004). It is thought that the change in the work of Tenyaku and the change in consideration to Tenyaku take place changing in the social background that surrounds the village such as increase and decrease and depopulation and change in the wood demand.

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Recently, the citizen participation process in public administration is being introduced in Japan. And citizen participation in the administration of gardens of cultural properties is also coming to the fore. In consideration of this social situation, we investigated a good way of administrating gardens of cultural properties by citizen participation. We distributed a questionnaire to participants in a garden symposium for ordinary citizens held in Kyoto. Furthermore, to acquire new knowledge, we made a multilateral assessment by comparing the results of previous surveys that investigated the awareness of gardeners and administrators of gardens of cultural properties in Kyoto, about garden administration. The results showed that the majority of the three respondents desired restoration of the gardens rather than their evolution, and the tightening of landscape conservation regulations. But regarding the utilization of gardens as modern event spaces, we found a different trend among the ideas of the three. In addition, adoption of volunteers for garden maintenance was approved by about 70 percent of the participants in the symposium. We think that it is important to promote acceptance of various public comments and volunteer works in order to make gardens of cultural properties more open as national collective properties.

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In order to indicate the targets of green tourism, we investigated the landscapes that people preferred (favorite landscape), impressions of the viewed landscapes, and virtual behavior induced by viewing the landscapes. It was found that tea gardens were favored by adult females and young girls, and were suitable for leisurely activities. Mandarin orange gardens were favored by adult females and children. Similarly, forests were favored by adult males and children and were suitable for the quiet enjoyment of sounds and sceneries. Ranches were preferred by many people, and these were suitable for various experiences related to physical activities. Adult females favored spacious landscapes; adult males, natural landscapes. Moreover, almost everyone preferred landscapes that could offer a variety of virtual action. Children, in particular, favored landscapes that evoked impressions of eating and drinking. Thus, the targets of green tourism in relation to certain agricultural landscapes were realized. In order to effectively utilize such agricultural landscapes for green tourism, it is important to apply the knowledge of favorite landscapes, their impressions, and virtual behavior induced by viewing them for the purpose of green tourism.

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The purpose of this study is to develop course review materials for use after activities in activity-based outdoor environmental education programs. Using all 10 lessons of the Chichibu supporter training course of the 2006 Tokyo University Forest as examples, along with every outdoor training program, the participants who take the course were asked to answer a questionnaire. Based on the results of the questionnaire, course review materials were developed, distributed to the participants after the activities, and finally, a repeated assessment questionnaire survey was performed for the course review material. Analysis of the results of the questionnaires revealed the following 4 points: (1) Elements and structure of course review materials for outdoor environmental education programs. (2) Incidental events that occur outdoors, but are unrelated to the educational content, may leave an impression on the students and are an important subject for the course review material. (3) Items evaluated as content of the course review material were divided into two categories "acknowledgement of the experience" and "new discoveries after the experience." (4) The course-review material developed enhances learning effectiveness after completion of the program, and at the same time, sustains enthusiasm for learning among absentees and encourages the desire to participate in the next lesson.

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We aimed at clarifying an actual state about an accident that a branch or a trunk of a roadside tree fell and hit a victim directly on the Tokyo prefectural road. We investigated and analyzed the data in connection with a roadside tree in Tokyo Prefecture. As the result, it became clear that the kind of trees with many numbers does not necessarily have many accidents. And it was suggested that there are some types of the accident which is easy to cause according to the kind of trees. Especially about a Zelkova Tree (Zelkova serrata), there were many accidents by branch breakage. And the accidents tended to occur frequently in the same route. It was suggested that there is relationship between that accidents by branch breakage occur and that Zelkova Trees became large through years. On the other hand, about a Japanese Pagoda Tree (Styphonolobium japonicum) etc., there were many accidents by collapsing. And it was suggested that decomposition and a cave have a close relation to this kind of accident.

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The construction of biotope in the schoolyard and education program that uses biotope works actively. Therefore, accumulation of knowledge concerning the creation and the maintenance and management of biotope is a pressing need in the educational institution related to landscape gardening. The improvement of the bio-diversity in the tree ranch in university campus is tried in this research, and it reports on the case where the waterside biotope is created around the detailed construction process. Two small biotope-ponds were constructed with spreading Bentonite clay to prevent water leakage. Assuming Oryzias latipes and Rana japonica japonica were target species, water is supplied to the pond and aiming at an appropriate water temperature and the depth maintenance. It was shown that there was no problem in the growth of both species by securing depth of 50cm or more in the expert year. The circulation type waterway where the solar battery system and the adjustment pond were combined is moreover made and a natural flow is created with the change of flowing quantity at time. Total water application was estimated 33mm/day and it guarantees the target species in this study.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the correlation forest vegetation and soil on two type environments (sediment deposit and colluvial slope) at small Sabo-dam in Mts. Rokko, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. These forest were dominated by Salix sieboldiana, Alnus sieboldiana etc., and had different species composition compared with neighborhood secondary forest. The soil C (<0.75%) and N (<0.01%) content at surface soil (0-10,10-20cm) of these forest were less than that of neighborhood secondary forest. The soil volume weight (116-172g/100ml) at surface soil was higher than that of neighborhood secondary forest. Total basal area at sediment deposit stands more closely correlated with soil volume weight. In contrast, total basal area at colluvial slope stands more closely correlated with electrical conductivity.

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