We examined the creation of a comfortable forest environment according to user requests by Grounded Theory Approach (GTA). The respondents, who were 33 male students in their early 20s, were requested to walk on three different featured forest therapy roads, to watch a forest environment for 15 min., and to answer the questionnaires as feedback. The items on the questionnaires were: (1) What were the good or bad aspects and/or causes of interest during “forest bathing”? (multiple choice and open-ended questions); (2) Respondents’ impressions of the therapy road and points on which it could be improved (open-ended questions). We then sorted the data in five steps: (1) Text extraction, (2) Conceptualization, (3) Sub-categorization, (4) Categorization and (5) Creation of a theoretical model. The results were organized into three levels: the environmental physical factors, the five senses, the taking healing effect. The three levels were then divided into positive, negative and neutral responses. We suggest that the management and design of a comfortable forest environment according to user requests can be accomplished by reducing negative factors and increasing positive factors at each level.

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Shinsen are offerings offered at Shinto shrines on the occasion of shrine festivals. We investigated shinsen offerings made at Kyoto's Kamo-wake-ikazuchi-jinja (also known as Kamigamo Shrine) between June 2009 and May 2010. We surveyed all offered items and investigated which biological resources were used, and how and from where they were supplied. We found that totally 2243 items were offered. There were 137 different kinds. 105 kinds of biological resources were used as ingredients. Some of the supply routes for shinsen ingredients were based on ancient customs. The Adogawa region in northern Shiga Prefecture, for example, was a supply area for the shrine based on a system through which the shrine bestowed the region with river fishing rights and rice farming land as a compensation for its supply of ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) used as items in shinsen offerings. Through shinsen offerings, a great variety of biological resources were used in a sustainable way. We found, however, that some biological resources used in shinsen such as the futabaaoi (Asarum caulescens) are difficult to obtain today.

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The objective of this study is to clarify the differences of usability for water-familiar activities among the cases of the fixed weirs, considering a variety of riverbank conditions as well as the spatial features of the weirs. The sixty-three weirs of the seven rivers within either Hyogo or Okayama prefectures were surveyed on-site, and their usability were analyzed on assuming two types of water-familiar activities; one from the outside and the other on the weir itself. The findings are; a) Seven weirs are usable only from the outsides, three only on themselves, and fifty-one for both types while two for none of them. b) The numbers of view points, the visible areas of the weir bodies, and the areas of the river water overflowing the bodies are different among the cases usable from the outsides. c) The numbers of access points, the difficulty of entries, the radius for activities and the length of the watersides touchable on the weir bodies are different among the cases usable on themselves. d) The factors of the differences also come out, such as visibility of weirs from riverbanks and bridges, quantity of water flow on weir surfaces, accessibility for public to weirs, sectional forms of weirs and levels of weir surfaces compared to both top and bottom of the river water.

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In this study, characteristics of landscape components that may influence the transmission of traditional landscapes encompassing the sense of Ikaruga town, Nara prefecture, were examined through the comparison of photographs taken in the mid-Showa era with ones recently taken at the same places. The results of the comparison showed that in the group of traditional landscapes that still had a sense of Ikaruga town were preserved scenes of a traditional village with traditional earthen walls, old houses with tiled roofs, and temples surrounded by groves of trees. Rural landscapes including pagodas had natural objects at the forefront, which allowed the pagodas to be clearly visible. In the group of traditional landscapes that increased the sense of Ikaruga Town, earthen tracks from the mid-Showa era had been changed to stone pavement, and unkempt hedges had been changed to earthen walls. On the other hand, in the group of landscapes that had lost the sense of Ikaruga town, there was a decrease in the farmland that had provided a clear view towards the pagodas in the mid-Showa era, as it had become urbanized. Furthermore, roadways had appeared in short- and mid-distance views, impeding the view of the scene. This study suggests that it is important to take these results into consideration when drawing up landscape plans for Ikaruga town.

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There are many kinds of landscape materials in Oze national park. Visitors of the Oze can be seen such materials as sequence landscapes due to walking on boardwalks. Some subjective evaluations of the landscape at individual positions were performed by image survey. Therefore, in order to extract interesting position with characteristic landscape, sequence landscape in Oze should be also evaluated. Moreover, the landscapes during the walking are analyzed continuously. On the other hand, landscape analysis is needed for some viewpoints which are not only subjective but also objective understanding. Particularly, in order to acquire stable data for landscape, acquisition of quantitative data is useful. Therefore, relation between such quantitative data and subjective data is concretized, and more reliable landscape analysis is become possible. As the method of quantitative data acquisition for landscape, fractal analysis is adopted by several situations. Relation between such fractal dimension and the subjective evaluation by human are analyzed, and it is expected that the fractal analysis can be proposed as an objective evaluation method for landscape. In these circumstances, the fractal analysis and image survey for sequence landscape were performed by using image sequences, and relation between results of both investigations in this paper.

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In order to create more comfortable and healthy outdoor living spaces, it is important that the effects of solar shading by a tree on the thermal environment, light environment and ultraviolet environment are simulated in the planning stage. Particularly, a deciduous tree prevents solar radiation in summer by lush leaves, while transmitting solar radiation because leaves are shed in winter. The present study discussed solar shading by numerical analysis of the relationship between solar shading ratio and tree geometry indexes using CG tree models. Four tree species were chosen from various deciduous trees because they were popular shade trees in Japanese urban space. 50 trees of each species were created by CG software. Indexes of tree geometry such as leaf area index and branch area index were calculated using these CG models. The solar shading ratio of tree was computed by the ray-tracing method on the summer solstice and winter solstice in Tokyo. The relationship between these indexes and the solar shading ratio of tree was investigated. The results showed that solar shading ratio of tree in summer depended on solar attitude in most tree species. In winter, solar shading ratio of tree was constant any solar attitude. It is clear from this analysis that calculation of the solar shading ratio requires combined indexes that consider solar altitude and tree geometry, such as the plant hit count per virtual rays.

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In this research, we evaluated communications among children in an urban area. We classified their lives after school according to time of their private lessons and compared them in three levels — life level, space level and significant space level. As a result, it is found that their daily lives were significantly different from each other and children could not find adequate time to communicate. Furthermore, it is cleared that their communications were highly restricted by private lessons because the time zone when most of private lessons were given was the same as the time when many children who do not have private lessons communicated with their friends. Consequently, children who have lessons seldom communicate with their friends at houses, public facilities or parks. On the other hand, they used streets, shops or the school yard for communications because of the temporal characters of those places. From these conclusions, we proposed some spatial planning and a concept of “regional time-managing plan” to promote communications between children who have private lessons after school and those who do not have private lessons.

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The infant notices a lot of things and moves the heart through a relation with nature. In this research, we figured out the present situation of the natural experience with Five Senses at kindergarten and nursery center. As a result, experience through five senses of spring and summer is very active at a large number of kindergartens, but there are few experiences in autumn and winter, especially, there is clearly that the number of kindergarten which presents an experience to "eat" by a season except the summer is over 30 less than the number of it in summer. And also, from the following data, we understood that kindergartener and nursery staff does all kinds of things to fit a natural experience in the everyday life. 74.8% of all activity was performed in kindergartens. There was more the natural activity that they carried out on the sidelines of the regular life in kindergartens, for example, in walk time (37 activities), time for expression activity (81), and time for activities in garden (49).

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This paper studies the changes and the actual conditions of the landscape conservation policies in the Tokyo 9hills tracts (Sayama, Kaji, Nagabuchi, Itsukaichi, Kasumi, The 1st Hachioji, The 2nd Hachioji, The north Tama, and The south Tama). On the basis of the studies of historical open space policies and existing green space distribution in each hill using GIS, the following points were revealed; 1)The measures of the open space policies in 9hills have changed according to the demands of the times. The history of the policies was divided into 4 epochs in terms of their concept. 2) The main policy concepts now are the system of vegetation management, usage of parks in hills, and zoning of conservation area. 3) For preserving green open space in hills, the permitting systems of development action based on the City Planning Act were much more effective than the notification systems of them.

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In suburban areas, urbanization advanced in accordance with the development of transportation network and it has a possibility of making the competition of urban area and other lane uses such as farmland and forest aggravate further. This is connected with the problems such as the deviation between land use control and land use. This study aims to evaluate land use controls in the land use master plan by analyzing deviations in land use from the viewpoint of urban areas distribution in the Okinawa Main Island. In this study, GIS as spatial analysis tools should be effective. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) In the urbanization control areas of the Naha extensive city planning area, especially in the non-duplication areas and the duplication areas with agricultural districts in the suburb of Naha, and the ones with national park district in Itoman, it is important to reconsider zoning ordinances. (2) In the white areas of the Nago and Motobu city planning areas, it is necessary to adopt use districts in both the non-duplication areas and the duplication areas with agricultural districts along the main national roads on the seaside. Also in the Chubu extensive city planning area, it is mainly necessary to adopt use districts and zoning ordinances in both the non-duplication areas and the duplication areas with agricultural districts.

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In the current view, housing complexes built by the Japan Housing Corporation after World War II (Kodan housing) have a diversity of exterior spaces and therefore are a potential environmental resource in urban areas. By quantitatively analyzing the exterior spaces of all Kodan housing complexes in Tokyo to determine how they have changed according to age, this study aims to consider the utilization of these exterior spaces as a future environmental resource. Analysis of the database, which was independently compiled, revealed that about 1,200 playgrounds and other open spaces exist in Kodan housing complexes in Tokyo. In the past, Kodan housing was developed on a grand scale. However, since the 1990s, Kodan housing has developed an increasing number of facilities per unit area by the effects of rebuilding, which confirms its increased potential for spatial diversity.

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Loss of Kiriko festivals can entail negative effects to the historical and cultural significance of the event, as well as to the local community. The purpose of this paper is to identify the underlying causes of decline of Kiriko-festivals in Okunoto-Suzu, Ishikawa. Okunoto-Suzu is one of the most rapidly depopulating areas in Japan seen to endanger the biological and cultural diversities. Interviews were conducted from May 13-September4 in 2009 to ten (10) community directors in Suzu city about their perceptions on the causes of the decline of Kiriko-festival. Results show twenty-three (23) factors of decline categorized into six (6) types. The four (4) causes decline are the following; changes in social infrastructure, changes working habits, loss of interest to regional festival and change in lifestyle. Differences of each interviewed communities based on the decline types were also established. It is believed that the social change and modernization occurring in Okunoto-Suzu area led to the significant decline of historical and cultural celebration of Kiriko festivals. Efforts have to be made to conserve the local history and culture specifically the Kiriko-festivals for the people of present and future generations.

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This research aimed to identify landscape characteristics based on granting style of pastureland in Shimousa plateau, Japan. To accomplish this aim, this research examined two steps. First, relationship between granting style of pastureland and land use transformation was identified. Second, relationship between granting style of pastureland and the distribution of woodlands and farmlands and the street patterns was identified. In the results, four types of landscape characteristics based on granting style of pastureland were identified: 1) inherited both the distribution of woodlands and farmlands and the street patterns, 2) inherited the distribution of woodlands and farmlands, 3) inherited the street patterns, 4) inherited neither the distribution of woodlands and farmlands nor the street patterns. Furthermore, this research examined a new conservation concept of cultural landscape in Shimousa plateau, Japan.

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This study argues about farmer’s shop with function that can contribute to local community. We thought that local activity was developed in the shop and the shop become local communication place by local residents administrating the shop. These situations have influence each other. Then, in Sasayama city, Hyogo, in rural area, we clarified the distribution of the shop. Especially we selected the shop which was administrated by local residents, we clarified the administration subject, the formation processes, activity for a year and space. And we arranged the shop through the participation condition of administration subject and activity. As a result the shop of having diversity activity has haunt due to easy way of participation condition. The possibility of shop which contributes to the local community is high. And the shop which is strict condition and uniform activity and is easy condition and uniform activity need the participation of various residents and the composition of haunt. As a result activity becomes various and finally we think that the shop contributes to the local community.

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Agricultural production is expected as one of prospective role in urban agricultural gardens. Increased interest in ‘safe and fresh food’ may create great demand of agricultural activity by urban residents themselves. Precedent studies reported that agricultural productions from urban gardens are not merely consumed by garden user themselves, but are sold or served for local citizens lived in near gardens. These facts indicate that sufficient amount of agricultural products could be produced from urban agricultural gardens. However, the actual amount of agricultural production from urban agricultural gardens has not been identified in precedent studies. This study aim to identify the amount of agricultural production by measuring respective harvested products having advanced two urban agricultural gardens as case studies. In this study, the district was set up within a 500m radius as the case study garden and estimated the harvested products by ratio in all vegetable consumption. The results showed that the agricultural production from ‘experience farm’ was sufficient for the annual consumed amounts at household, while allotment gardens could not be reached at the amounts. At the scale of the district in this study, more than 10% of all vegetable consumption can be covered by the production by urban residents in urban agricultural gardens.

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Matsushiro town in Nagano city is known as the castle town of the Sanada clan. Even now, there is still historical townscape. Many precious properties remain. A local NPO group is forming community design using the properties. One of them is "Town Walking Event". These events are features walking in Matsushiro with a guide. In this study, we focus on the structure of local evaluation of Matsushiro Town by the events participants. We carried out a questionnaire survey to explain evaluation of the events and local image evaluation. We analyzed the data to figure out local evaluation differences by 4 factors: age groups, residences, satisfactory degrees, and event programs menu. The analysis revealed that the images of communities were captured by the three factors: degree of standard of refinement, degree of friendliness and degree of rural districts. And, the analysis revealed that there is a connection between local image evaluation and satisfactory degrees of programs, and event menu.

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Civic groups have recently increased the number of activities that they are performing for the conservation of urban forests. To ensure the successful completion of these activities, strong public—private partnerships must be established. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the nature of the management system for urban forest conservation, which is based on the formation of partnerships among civic groups, administration, forest owners, and several organizations. This is done by examining the management system for urban forest conservation of Matsudo City, Chiba, where 10 civic groups work at forests under private ownership. The study results indicate that 1) the Satoyama Volunteer Introductory Course offered by civic groups and the local administration helps citizens continuously form civic groups for forest conservation; 2) the form of cooperative administration employed by civic groups and forest owners allows forest conservation work to proceed smoothly; 3) by working within networks, civic groups are able to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to engage in forest conservation and solve any problems that may arise; and 4) a successful system for forest conservation requires that civic groups, forest owners, and neighborhood residents share recognition among themselves and cooperatively set rules for forest conservation.

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In this study, urban greening method was proposed for mitigation of thermal environment based on distribution of daily solar radiation using 3D CAD. This approach is verified to an actual urban block on the center of Tokyo, which applied to planned development design system. And the feasible greening plan, considering the live loads, legal conditions and daylight conditions for vegetation growth, was constructed. And the appropriate greening plan was constructed using distribution of daily solar radiation. Then numerical simulations are conducted for the present conditions, the feasible greening plan and for the appropriate greening plan. And three indices were used to evaluate the outdoor thermal environment: surface temperature distribution, Heat Island Potential (HIP) as an index of the sensible heat flow rate on all surfaces in an urban block, and mean radiant temperature distributions at a height of 1.5 m as an index to evaluate the thermal comfort of outdoor living. After all considerations, it was revealed that the sensible heat flux, based on the appropriate greening plan, would be decreased by nearly 50% in maximum from the present condition. In addition, MRT distribution of the appropriate greening plan is vicinity to the air temperature for most of the day.

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In this study, we analyzed the features of urbanization in a suburban area of Metro Manila, the Philippines, and evaluated the impact on the thermal environment by using numerical simulation. First, land use change was analyzed by using aerial photos, satellite images and field survey during the last 28 years. Second, information on building shapes and materials, and in which year each house had been built, was collected in the study area. Third, the 3D-CAD model, to which the material and physical property data were added, was developed, and the surface temperature distribution was calculated through numerical simulations. Further, an index was used to evaluate the impact on the thermal environment: Heat Island Potential (HIP) was an index of the sensible heat flow rate on all surfaces in the area. The following findings were obtained. The materials and structures had gradually changed. The HIP value increased significantly as the land conversion proceeded and the materials of housings were changed. These indicated that the study site had caused urban heat island phenomenon, and it had become an uncomfortable area through urbanization and landscape changes.

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Utilization of woody biomass as a carbon neutral energy source is recognized as one of important means of restoring maintenance of suburban satoyamas. The existing maintenance by local citizen groups should not be overlooked. This study set a suburban community in the Tokyo metropolitan area as a case study and estimated the amount of harvestable woody biomass from suburban satoyamas by local citizen groups. The standard units of harvestable woody biomass were determined by measuring arisings through the citizen maintenance. Then, the maintenance scenario covered whole satoyamas in a case study city was developed and the standard units were applied. The amount of harvestable woody biomass were then estimated and evaluated as a renewable energy resource. Our results showed that 999dry-t/yr of woody biomass were harvestable as whole years in the case study. It is estimated that the rate of the satoyamas districts where 10% and more of the heating demanded reaches 20%. Furthermore, in a number of the districts in the north area where many satoyamas still keep, it was calculated that the value exceeds 50%. Based on the results we conclude even though the amount of harvestable woody biomass from suburban satoyamas by local citizen groups already have the potential of the energy resource in a community, if those activities are positioned as a part of regional management, it can play more important parts in satoyamas conservation.

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In national parks, it is one of the indispensable requirements to avoid the crowding perception by the visitors to enable them to have more valuable experiences. Annually, it comes to be highly crowded in Ozegahara, Oze National Park, during a specific period such as Mizubasho (Asian skunk cabbages) blossom season. However, there has been no work done which totalizes the existing opinions concerned with the crowding perception of Ozegahara and examines the ways to improve the condition. Thus, this study takes up the wooden path between Yamanohana and Ushikubi-Bunki as the study area because it is where the crowding peaks in Ozegahara, then rearranges the existing studies of the crowding perception, and clarifies the actual perception of congestion by using the data of visitors' number. Next, it indicates that an important measure for its improvement is to set “the maximum visitor's number per day” of approximately 3200 visitors as the baseline, and to adjust the number of visitors coming into Ozegahara from Hatomachi-Toge to avoid exceeding the baseline. Further, it discusses the trial plan for the improvement of crowding perception and the problems of its appliance by using two concrete frameworks: measures of instruction and regulation.

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Meisyoh (places of scenic beauty) and its protection had been important theme for the modern landscape architecture in Japan, but they have not been necessarily examined, because of diversification of research objects and subdividing of research method of landscape architecture, recently. By the way, as for the Places of Scenic Beauty designated under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (1950- ), they have promoted to settle on its management plans in recent years, for their appropriate protection. Such management plans have been settled on since 1973 by mainly local governments with subsidy from the government, and have progressed and achieved many examples. This paper shows the progress and achievements of the management plans for the safeguarding of the Places of Scenic Beauty, and suggests that they should be taken notice from the viewpoints of the landscape architecture, based on the trends concerning cultural properties in Japan; the recent trends like the “Basic Management Plans for the Protection and Conservation of the Historical and Cultural Properties in the Regions” promoted by Agency for Cultural Affairs, or the “Plans for the Maintenance and Improvement of the Beautiful Historical Scenery in the Region” under the “Law for the Maintenance and Improvement of the Beautiful Historical Scenery in the Region”, etc.

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CASBEE for Heat Island Relaxation ,revised and updated in July 2010, reappraises greenery, more specifically, trees as being effective in mitigating a thermal environment. In concrete terms, tall and medium height trees and ground cover plants were assessed independently as cover over the ground, and it was established that the amount of evapotranspiration in the area of a tree crown was 3 times that of the same area of turf grass. In this paper we, as a committee, have used objective data to verify the process in the argument and established fresh criteria for evaluating medium and tall tree. Finally we have discussed our perceptions of what we think is currently lacking in the field of greening from the view of the continuing to improvement to performance evaluation.

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Recently some local governments and related organizations have begun to manage the course of volunteer's promotion, because the citizens improve the concern for the social and environmental contribution activities. But it is not made to the fixed form of the program about the green space maintenance and creation activities. So this paper aims to understand the relation between content of program and result, and also to clarify the effective program of volunteer's promotion. As the results, the purpose and the content of the course that has already been executed are various, and it is difficult to say that the curriculum suitable for a main purpose is united. On the other hand, the program of the course that the result has been achieved lectures the meaning of maintenance and greening openspace at first. It is thought that the activity purpose can be clarified. And it attend the lecture of the organizational operation, they organize the activity group by themselves and develop the activity while attempting the cooperation of the group. And also the continuance of the activity rises by after following, it found the economic support alone doesn't limit that it is effective.

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The current state of the curriculum concerning the lawn in the higher education of our country was investigated. A lot of citizens hope for the space of lawn to be made in the stadium in rugby, the soccer stadium, and golf links, and so on, and more in the schoolyards, and parks. Unprofessional might be managed for the space of lawn. However, specialist's knowledge is necessary to create the space and lawn management. In a present higher education, how the curriculum concerning the lawn is going is clarified, and the current state of the specialist's training is clarified. From the results, curriculums concerning lawn are very a few. It became clear from these to only 13 schools, and 23 subjects that related to the lawn in the whole country. Moreover, it became clear also there were 12 subject to which the visit and the practice of actual lawn management were done besides the lecture. The research system that specializes in the lawn should be weak, and to train the specialist, the curriculum of these higher education be enhanced more in Japan.

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The survey was conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental education, using big and tall trees in the period for integrated study in a lower secondary school, on the students’ contact behavior with nature. In the month of May prior to the conduct of environmental education, the students were asked questions regarding their experiences of contact behavior with trees under several topics such as “climbing a tree” and “touching a bark.” Thereafter, environmental education was conducted in the period for integrated study for a year. At the end of the learning, the same survey was conducted for both the students who selected the “Let’s plant a tree nearby” course and those who did not, and the results were compared. Responses to the questionnaire showed that there was no significant difference between the students who chose the course and those who did not with regard to the frequency of contact behavior with nature, at the beginning of the learning. However, at the end of the learning, we discovered that those students who selected environmental education were more active in their contact behaviors than those who did not, which implicated that experimental study using big and tall trees would have a positive effect with regard to encouraging contact behavior with trees in everyday life.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify storm water runoff characteristics of the extensive green roofs. The experiments were conducted with the three different water retention drainage, Styrofoam panels (25mm, 30mm and 40mm). In order to compare the data of the traditional, intensive green roof system (Murayama. T. et al, 1997), the experiments measured the peak runoff volume, the runoff coefficient, and the runoff starting time. The results showed that the extensive green roof system could delay the runoff starting time for 25 minutes and peak runoff arrival time for 77 minutes. In addition, they cut the 0.09L runoff volume. The study showed the extensive green roof systems the ability to retain and delay runoff and the potential effects to reduce environmental impacts.

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Recently, turf schoolyards have been increasing, and the research for grasping the actual situation of school turfs in metropolitan areas has progressed. There have been some researches into local city areas, but there have been few studies for each prefecture. In this circumstance, in this study, the authors investigated and discussed actual situations, focusing on 274 elementary schools in Miyazaki Prefecture, where a relatively large number of schools have turfs. Through a questionnaire survey, the actual situations of “school turf plans,” “evaluations,” and “management systems” were grasped, and the problems with the diffusion of lawn schoolyards in local areas were identified. The study and research showed that several teachers and staffs has been administrating lawn maintenance. In addition, decrease of number of schoolchildren makes reduction of school staffs that care of the lawn. Therefore, we also found that maintenance is more difficult.

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Through the development process of collective housing sites in Senri New Town, planted areas in residential lots havebeen established as a component of natural and artificial environment of the area. Facing a challenge of restoring old collectivehousings, we intended to clarify characteristics of existing arbores in collective housing sites developed by Japan HousingCorporation. Applying data of tree height, branch spread, and trunk circumference, the characteristics of tree figure and itschanges were investigated by comparison of arboreal vegetation of two selected sites. Not only layout of buildings and open spaces but also maintenance practice of vegetation critically affected figures and growth of the trees. Among the findings, it wasnoted that development process, land formation in particular, of housing lot also affected their growth. In terms of decisionmaking on whether to conserve or transplant existing trees in restoration procedure, significance of those trees on the site shouldbe reorganized through evaluation on trees themselves, context of landscape and development process by revealing archivalrecords. Updating the records is also important to inherit the values of open spaces in collective housing sites as naturalenvironmental structure.

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Urban Renaissance Agency manages the rented accommodation which of many are located in suburbs, and the decrease in demand is feared in the future. A sustainable and excellent environmental maintenance is important for the apartment complex. In this project has aimed at resident's consensus of a proper green ideal way, and to reflect in landscape management. The workshop, and the maintenance construction were done by PDCA-cycle method for Tsurugadai apartment, and the residents advanced the project while understanding how their opinions were reflected in construction and the activity. As a result, the green space environment from which mutual agreement with the residents is attempted is created, the landscape management guideline to maintain it excellently is made, and now, an active flower bed activity is developing.

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Small indoor plants comprised a variety of plants such as foliage plants and Japanese style trees, growing media such as soil and hydro-balls and containers are available in the market. To clarify the role that the small indoor plants were expected to play in the home, we investigated their hierarchical structure of evaluation by using the evaluation grid method among university students who resided alone in housing complexes. Results showed that the evaluation of the small indoor plants was expressed through terms such as "The entire balance was good", "Beautiful", "Lovely", and "Japanese style". It was recognized that desirable small indoor plants harmonized with the space, influenced psychological condition, and contributed to use intention. Many university students requested the proper combination of plant, container and mediu m in a small indoor plant. Furthermore, small indoor plants were expected to have a healing influence on the students. There was an individual variation in subjects' preference toward small indoor plants. We found that various small indoor plants were able to correspond to various individual preferences. These results showed that various small indoor plants could become effective items in the lives of university students living alone.

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This study aims to clarify the relations between trees-and plants-use and the ritual space structure in the tropical agroforestry. We gathered some information on traditional ceremony related to first-birth and death, recorded all plants species in certain plats around ritual spaces, and drew down the space structure. As a result, we found that kitchen garden around the house works as a place for both first-birth and funeral events and that a lot of trees and plants for the rituals can be intensively seen around the stone platform. That means Palauan agroforestry have a multi-function including cultural and spiritual meanings. However, the places where these ritual events are held have been changing from time to time. Though the first-birth ceremony is still held near houses, burial place is now chosen from various alternatives, such as tomb near the house, in the forest or public cemetery on hill top. Space structure also differs from place to place. That implies that traditional space structure -united relationship among daily-life, new born, and death ceremony- has collapsed.

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This study aims to clarify the relationship between the reservation of land to preserve the natural landscape and characteristics of the scenes tourists experienced in Matsushima, in the modern era when the administration took many measures based on travel accounts. Matsushima has been a as popular sightseeing destination since ancient times. As a result, the establishment of natural landscape areas in Matsushima was almost completed in the pre-war period, but only visual scenery was examined. While few tourists experienced these newly designated areas in the pre-war period, after the war, the number of visits to these scenic areas dropped dramatically. Those who came to see the scenery were influenced both by the change in the type of tour, that is, not being able to stay at Matshushima, and by the changes in the landscape from the war. In the post-war period the "Identity of Matsushima" that visitors had discovered became standard in the region and was unified as a common tourist experience. Each visitor experienced the scenery from a different point of view.

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Recently, attention has gathered in a historical resource. Then, I searched for the ideal way of the succession of Kyokaido road in the present study. The road opened as a road where Kyoto was connected with Osaka in Edo period. First of all, I did the literature research and the field reconnaissance, and traced the transition of the road, and clarified the continuing situation. As a result, the influences of the urbanization and the river maintenance, etc. were received, and there were a lot of sections that had disappeared as for the road. Therefore, continuousness in the road was not maintained. Moreover, a Kosatsu has disappeared completely while the temple company almost continues the actual thing about the route resource. Therefore, there was a difference in the continuing situation depending on the kind of the resource. The maintenance use side was emphatically executed partially of the section where the old Hirakata highway such as bearing continued. Therefore, it is hoped to make Kyokaido road actualized to succeed to the future. It is important that we use the route resource before, and do measures corresponding to unlike the road continuing situation.

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On May 12, 2008, Great Sichuan Earthquake was occurred, and 87,000 people were died or had not been found. The City of Dujiangyan, World Heritage City had heavily destroyed. We proposed the reconstruction plan and conceived the importance of “Linpan” which is the traditional village style in this region. We carried out extensive research, applying three methods. The first is the analysis of the distribution, using satellite imagery with 2.7 m ground resolution. The second is the research of its structure and function and the third is social and economic system underlying land use. The following four points were clarified. Linpan seems to be regarded as a type of agro-forestry which contains sustainable land use system. The characteristics of distribution pattern is scattered and the distance between each Linpan is approximately 300m. The type of vegetation is classified into 5 types. Tall trees form the skyline of Linpan, and under the forest, various agricultural activities are deliberately maintained. Finally, the key factor of Linpan is the irrigation system which was established 2300 years ago. From above findings, we conclude Linpan is not a simple agricultural village, but important cultural heritage in Sichuan which should be preserved and activated in process of reconstruction.

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As people’s concern about crime grows, the number of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras in public places has been increasing in Japan. Since 2008, Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture has installed 150 CCTV cameras in public places including parks. The case of Ichikawa City is quite rare because the city installed numerous cameras in residential areas based on requests of residents. Focusing on Ichikawa City as an example, this paper reports the methodology of installing and operating CCTV cameras in parks and examines people's attitudes toward them. Interviews with local officials and a survey of 1,643 people living in Ichikawa City were conducted. The interviews revealed that the process of installing CCTV cameras in parks was democratic and the CCTV system was operated by following strict official codes. Additionally, from an analysis of the survey data, it was found that CCTV cameras relieved people’s fear of crime in parks. On the other hand, although the places of installation of CCTV cameras were determined by opinions of neighborhood association leaders, CCTV cameras were not necessarily installed at the parks that evoked people’s fear. Additionally, publication of CCTV cameras by local officials was not always sufficient. Based on these findings, this paper discusses the perspectives of installing and operating CCTV cameras in parks in the future.

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Recently, the ordinance and the agreement to maintain a familiar landscape are made in many areas. The landscape act took effect in 2005, and the legal binding was brought by landscape ordinance etc. of each local government. On the other hand, there are many examples of the voluntary landscape agreement by inhabitants. This study aims to clear the landscape conservation and inhabitants’ consciousness at the district where a voluntary landscape agreement is concluded. The search ways are a hearing to the representative of the agreement. The hearing revealed the history and current state of the district agreement. In addition, this study was a questionnaire survey. This study selected a new shopping street and an old one. The questionnaire survey revealed the relationship between age and knowledge of the agreement. The voluntary agreement preserves a familiar landscape to some extent. But, there are not the continuing landscape preservation activities by inhabitants. In the future the idea should be to raise awareness of the landscape.

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The Arimafuji Park Management/Planning Council was the first council to be established in prefectural urban parks in Hyogo. This council had held 28 conferences from 2000-2010. We broke contents of these discussions down into patterns and grasped them. Additionally, we sorted out 6 disputed issues that we discussed at conferences and we conducted hearings with prefectural officials in charge. Based on this survey, we highlighted issues and prospects of the park management. We suggested followings were important: 1. to define the role of the council and clarify a measure for realization of citizens’ proposal on the council, 2. to establish an information sharing system among the administration and private sectors, 3. the administration would adjust the widespread utilization of parks among departments, and 4. to define a concrete division of roles for planning and maintenance among the administration and citizens.

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Department of park and green of Hyogo Prefecture had settled on a regenerating plan of Nishimuko Park form 2002 to 2004. To promote this regenerating plan, park management council was organized with civic groups, and has shouldered a part of park management. We have taken a part in management of this council, and have studied about process of changing organization and activities of this council. As the result, it was effective for management of district parks to make a park management plan which set a middle or long-term policy of the park and community-based council which is organized with civic groups. Park management plan will make common prospects of the park, so civic groups will have autonomous and continuous activities in a park and be able to invite other civic groups to join a community-based council. And community-based council will be consistent with public use and community use in a district park, activation of park service and attraction making of the district.

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Recently, the public comment, one of the opportunities for citizens to participate in administration, is conducted not only in central government ministries and agencies, but also in local governments in Japan. In this study, we investigated actual conditions of public comments-aided citizen participation in conservation and practical use of gardens as public properties. We searched the case of public comments which were provided more than one opinion about conservation and practical use of gardens through internet. As results, we picked out 11 cases of public comment and 36 provided comments. Examining their methods, the comments, and replies from implementing administration agencies, we found some tendencies among them as described below. The offering information and prepared means for providing comments were not enough to promote citizen participation. The comments about conservation of gardens were more than their practical use. Although various subjects of the public comments were implemented, some administration agencies seamed not so positive in implementation of them. We considered that it was desired to increase public comment procedures through ensuring more fairness and transparency, to promote garden management system depended on citizen participation.

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