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Volume 39 (1999 - 200･･･
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Volume 39, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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A Developmental Analysis Based on Cross-sectional DataTOSHITAKE TAKATA1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 1-15
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA number of 2880 respondents, devided into six age groups, answered a questionnaire used to measure various aspects of social comparison in everyday life (frequencies, target objects and persons, reasons of engagement in comparison). Subjects belonging to the adolescent (N= 705) and middle-aged (N= 613) groups were administered also scales for measuring the cultural view of self. Hayashi's theory of quantification applied to the comparison responses revealed two types of social comparison: internal/self-directed comparison and the external/other-directed comparison. The adolescent group were found to engage in comparison most frequently, especially in the external/other-directed comparison. This tendency was found most prominently among respondents with high interdependency score as measured by our scale. These results suggest that Japanese adolescent indify with the interdependent view of self to their self schema, mainly through the external/other-directed social comparison.View full abstractDownload PDF (2056K) -
The Effects of Assimilation and Contrast on the Change in Perception of Group VariabilityISAO SAKUMA, TAKASHI OKA1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 16-29
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined how perceptual bias such as assimilation and contrast effects contributed to stereotype formation. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with the scores performed by members of a group. The distribution of the performance scores (low variability or high variability) and the group size (small or large) were manipulated. Then the perception of group variability was measured. In the low variability condition, the large group was perceived to be more homogeneous than the small group. In Experiment 2, participants were instructed (1) to recall each group member's performance score (memory condition), (2) to estimate the group mean of the performance scores (estimation condition), or (3) to answer some questions (control condition), and presented with the scores performed by members of a group. In the estimation condition, the same pattern of the results as Experiment 1 was found. These results were interpreted in terms of assimilation of successively encountered group members to the central tendency which was formed in the large group condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (2205K) -
MASANORI TAKEZAWA1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 30-40
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe social dilemma problem has been noticed to be involved in collective action. In this paper I explained a process through which the social dilemma problem involved in collective action is resolved when participants share the heightened sense of unfairness. The heightened sense of being unfairly treated motivates people to take actions aimed at restoring fairness. It also is expected to foster expectations that other people are also motivated to take such fairness-restoring actions. This is because unfair situation people want to redress through a collective action is most likely to be shared by potential participants of the collective action. The sense of being unfairly treated, thus, is expected to promote cooperation in a social dilemma. I tested the effect of unfair treatment in a social dilemma in two experiment, each using a unique type of dilemma. The social dilemma in the first experiment was created in such a manner that expectations that others would also cooperate was to be critical for the participants' decision. The results showed that the experience of unfair treatment affected the participants' motivation and expectations, and boosted the cooperation level. The dilemma used in the second experiment was of such a nature that expectations were not critical for the participants' decision. The results showed that experience of unfair treatment affected only the participants' motivation, but not expectations, and yet boosted the cooperation level.View full abstractDownload PDF (1760K) -
YASUSHI KOIDE1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 41-52
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to develop a scale of gender personality and to confirm its reliability and validity. The scale consisted of the items concerned with masculinity, femininity, and female sex appeal, and these items were described in terms of behavioral tendencies and beliefs, instead of the character trait adjectives. The scale was administrated to 117 male and 117 female students. Questions about gender-role behavior and feminism-orientedness were also asked in order toexamine the construct validity of the scale. First, the results confirmed the reliability of the scale. Second, the results confirmed the validity of the scale, because (a) the average of men's masculinity scores is higher than the average of women's masculinity scores, and the average of women's femininity scores is higherthan the average of men's femininity scores, (b) as to women, female sex appeal is positively related to both masculinity and femininity, and (c) as to women, feminism-orientedness is positively related to masculinity and is negatively related to femininity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1851K) -
The Influence of Heuristic Cues on Systematic ProcessingKIMIO ITO1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 53-61
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined whether the heuristic processing and systematic processing in persuasion influenced each other (the Heuristic systematic model; Chaiken, 1980). Two hundred ninety five college students received a persuasive message advocating “to require a graduation examination in colleges”. The source credibility, expectancy of success, argument strength, issue involvement were manipulated in factorial design. The results indicated that the source credibility functioned as a heuristic cue in the condition in which participants issue involvement was high, and thus suggested the co-occurence of the heuristic and systematic processing. The result further suggested that the two kinds of heuristic cues, credibility and expectancy, influenced the attitude separately, not simultaneously.View full abstractDownload PDF (1531K) -
The Effects of Public Self-affirmation on the Causal Attribution of Task-performanceYOSHITSUGU FUJISHIMA1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 62-74
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined the effects of public self-affirmation (PSA) by low self-esteem individuals (LSE) on the causal attributions of their performances. Presenting positive aspects of the self to other people should make LSE confirm them, and thus allow LSE to restore their self-integrity. This PSA should lead LSE to make self-effacing attributions for their failures. The Experimental design was Performance feedback (positive/negative) × Self-esteem (high/low) × PSA (affirming/not affirming) factorial.
The main results were as followed; (1) In general, Participants tended to make self-effacing attributions for their performances. (2) LSE who were given the opportunity of PSA tended to make self-effacing attributions for their failures more strongly than did LSE who were not given the opportunity. PSA by High self-esteem individuals did not affect the causal attributions of their failures. These results suggest that LSE might need to affirm positive aspects of the self publicly in order to reduce the impacts of the threats to their self-integrity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1952K) -
KATSUHIDE MOROI1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 75-85
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined (a) the factor structure of burnout, and (b) the relationship between burnout and personality traits or motives for working in the special nursing homes for the elderly. Questionnaires were administered to human service workers in special nursing homes for the elderly. They completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach & Jackson, 1981), the Chiba University Personality Inventory (CUPI; Yanai, Kashiwagi, & Kokusho, 1987), and the Working Motives Scale (developed by the author). As predicted, the principalcomponents analysis of MBI yielded three components; emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, depersonalization. For CUPI and the Motives Scale, the principal- components analyses were executed. The multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between burnout and personality traits or motives for working in the homes. Personality traits were more related to reduced personal accomplishment and depersonalization than emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, it holds for working motives.View full abstractDownload PDF (1609K) -
KOSHI MAKINO1999 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 86-102
Published: June 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article reviews past studies on effects of humor on persuasion and the mechanism involved. First, three methodological problems in past studies were indicated (defects in design, defects in procedure, defects in analysis). When these studies were excluded, the remaining studies showed the followings. Most of the studies reported no main effect of humor on persuasion, but there are a few studies that showed positive main effects (facilitation effect). However, there is no study that showed negative main effects (inhibition effect). Moreover, it became evident that humor factor interacted with eight factors. The interaction effects were either facilitation or inhibition of persuasive effects. This result was explained by Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986b). As for the mechanism, the facilitation effects on attention to message, evaluation of message, and liking of sender as mediating factors, and the facilitation effects on positive mood of recipients were supported. In addition, the mechanism was discussed from the viewpoint of information processing.
Finally, it was suggested that future studies should investigate the following three points: 1) effects of the types and the amount of humor stimulus on persuasion, 2) the difference of persuasive effects by sense of humor of recipients, and 3) further investigation of the mechanism from the information processing point of view.View full abstractDownload PDF (2714K)
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