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Volume 46 (2007)
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Volume 46, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Zentaro Uemura2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 1-12
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the effects of the presence of an introducer who knew a newcomer on anxiety about the maintenance of group structure and trust of the newcomer in a group entry situation. In the condition of the presence of an introducer, a confederate (the introducer) in the experiment informed the group members that he knew the newcomer, but he gave no further information. In the condition of the positive introduction, a confederate introduced the newcomer positively to the group members. In the condition of the absence of an introducer, the group members were not given any information concerning the newcomer. The experiment consisted of three sessions, but the third session was a dummy one. After the second session, the group members were asked to evaluate their attitude toward the newcomer. The results were as follows: 1) Anxiety about the maintenance of group structure was lower and trust in the newcomer was higher in the condition of the presence of an introducer and in the condition of the positive introduction than in the condition of the absence of an introducer. 2) No obvious differences were found between the condition of the presence of an introducer and the condition of the positive introduction in the degree of anxiety about the maintenance of group structure and trust in the newcomer. These results suggest that the presence of an introducer decreased anxiety about the maintenance of group structure and improved trust in the newcomer.
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Souma Toshihiko, Ura Mitsuhiro2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 13-25
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study, we explored factors related to exclusive support relationships. From the theoretical frameworks of high general trust (Yamagishi, 1998) and evolutionary psychology, we predicted that romantic partners would be more reluctant to take social support outside their relationships than nonromantic opposite-sex friendship partners with controlling particularistic trust in their relationships being controlled and that such exclusivity of support taking that romantic partners show would be found more clearly among individuals with low general trust. To examine the above predictions, we conducted an investigation in which 136 undergraduates participated. As predicted, high general-trusters were reluctant to seek social support outside their romantic relationships in which high particularistic trust developed. This result was not found about friendships between both high and low trustable opposite-sex partners. These findings suggested that it is difficult for low general-trusters to expand their social support network when they have romantic relationship. Finally, we discussed that ease of resource exchange varies with belonging relationships.
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Short Report
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Takuya Okamoto2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 26-36
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examines the underestimation of social influence that occurs when an entering-group joins a pre-existing group and also analyzes the determinants (In-Group-Identity: InG-Id & Common-In-Group-Identity: CoInG-Id) of this phenomenon. In Exp 1, 36 participants were assigned to 12 groups; half the groups were then classified as pre-existing groups and the remaining, as entering-groups. Participants made group-decisions within their respective groups. Entering-groups then joined the pre-existing groups and the task was repeated in the resulting 6-member groups. Exp 1 revealed that existing-groups estimated their impact on decision-making to be less than that of the entering-groups in the 6-member phase. In Exp 2, 49 participants were allocated to pre-existing groups and confederates served as the entering-group. These participants were distributed according to an InG-Id × CoInG-Id ANOVA design. Underestimation was observed in the high-InG-Id condition. High-CoInG-Id had no effect on the underestimation. High-CoInG-Id decreased the cognized conflict level towards the out-group. These results suggest that there exists a relationship among the underestimation, cognition of conflict level, and group-identity in the existing-group.
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SPECIAL ISSUE: Social Psychology of Subjectivity
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Yumi Endo2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 37-39
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (381K)
Original Articles
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Nobutaka Gushiken, Kaori Karasawa2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 40-52
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study investigated the process of persuasion caused by the affective message and ruminative thoughts. Two-hundred and seventy-seven undergraduate students were presented with a message that appealed for the necessity of capital punishment using an emotional episode (emotional message) or objective reporting (objective message). Then, participants were required to describe their opinion about capital punishment (ruminative condition) or their plan for the next week (distractive condition) before rating their attitudes about capital punishment, or immediately rate attitudes (immediate rating condition). The results indicated that the ruminative thought about capital punishment facilitated the attitude change only in the emotional message condition. Furthermore, path analyses showed that the attitude change was mediated by the emotional thought in the emotional message condition, whereas, the change was mediated by the cognitive thought, in the objective message condition. Discussion considered the mechanism in which the ruminative thought about the contents of emotional message facilitates the attitude change.
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Yumi Endo2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 53-62
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPeople often tend to believe that their subjective states are readily apparent to others, a phenomenon known as the illusion of transparency. In the present study, we hypothesized that the illusion of transparency can play a role in the social nervousness, and that people make transparency estimates as a function of their own feelings of nervousness. In the three natural setting field studies, university students in a class were asked to introduce themselves and then to answer their nervousness and transparency estimates. Individuals who were highly nervous when they delivered a public speech believed their nervousness was more apparent to their audience than it actually was, and than individuals who were less nervous in Study 1. The results of Study 2 expanded these findings to trait social anxiety instead of magnititude of feelings of nervousness. The results of Study 3 replicated these findings and ruled out a motivational explanation. Lastly, these results were discussed in terms of the illusion of transparency and heuristics of "anchoring and adjustment".
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Eriko Kudo2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 63-77
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present research demonstrated that a tendency to overestimate the transparency of one's preferences and judgments to others (the illusion of transparency) becomes more significant when the others are friends rather than strangers. Study 1 employed a between-subjects design to compare the magnitude of the illusion of transparency within pairs of friends or strangers. The illusion was larger for pairs of friends. Study 2 examined an alternative explanation, a social norm explanation, for the inflated illusion between friends. The magnitude of illusion between friends did not decrease even when they were motivated to be accurate and thus the social norm explanation was rejected. The illusion that one can discern other's preferences and judgments was also examined in those studies. Although it was also more significant between friends, the tendency to feel one can detect a stranger's preferences and judgments was strengthened when one was motivated to be accurate. Possible mechanisms underlying these illusions were discussed.
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Akiko Kamada2007 Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 78-89
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn "illusion of transparency" (Gilovich, Savitsky, & Medvec, 1998) is a tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which their internal states are apparent to others. Three experiments were conducted based on the Gilovich et al.'s procedure (1998; Study 2), in which actors were instructed to conceal their disgust from observers while drinking an unpleasant tasting drink. In Study 1a, Japanese actors also showed the illusion (n=45). In the face-to-face condition in Study 1b (n=46), the illusions of transparency did not disappear, indicating that the results of study 1a were not just an experimental artifact. In Study 2 (n=116), intensity of the inner experience of the actor increased the magnitude of actors' illusions. The subjectivity and universal cognitive biases during communication of internal states are discussed.
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