生薬，香辛料中を汚染するアフラトキシンの簡便なスクリーニングと定量のための前処理法の確立を目的にして，市販カード式ELISAキット（アフラカード・トータル），固相カラム，イムノアフィニティーカラム（イージーエクストラクト・アフラトキシン）の使用法を検討した．
　トウニン，キョウニン，ガジュツ，レンニクでは，80%メタノールによる抽出，キットに備えつけの固相カラムによる精製によって，カードで妥当な定性反応が示された．ガラナ，ウコン，ニクズク，チンピ，トウヒ，キジツでは，75%アセトニトリルによる抽出，イムノアフィニティーカラムによる精製によって，70%以上の高い回収率が得られ，カードで妥当な定性反応が示された．

抄録全体を表示

　Aspergillus parasiticusによるアフラトキシン生産あるいはFusarium graminearumによるトリコテセン生産に対する阻害活性を指標として，微生物の代謝物および精油を対象に活性物質の探索を行った．その結果，放線菌の生産するアフラスタチン類，ブラストサイジンAおよびS，ジオクタチンAがアフラトキシン生産を強く阻害することを見出した．また，精油成分であるディルアピオール，アピオールおよびスピロエーテルがアフラトキシンG₁を特異的に阻害することを見出し，さらにスピロエーテルはトリコテセン生合成の鍵酵素であるTRI4の酵素活性を阻害しトリコテセン生産を抑制することを示した．また，特異的なトリコテセン生産阻害物質として精油からプレコセン類およびピペリトンを単離した．得られた阻害物質はアフラトキシンあるいはトリコテセン汚染防除剤開発におけるリード化合物として有用であり，それらの作用点はより効果的な薬剤を得るために重要であるばかりでなく，カビの二次代謝産物生産調節機構を解明する上での貴重な情報を与える．

抄録全体を表示

  

抄録全体を表示

  The dietary intake of aflatoxin was targeted at the adult Malaysian population aged 18 to 59 years using the Total Diet Studies (TDS) approach as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Data from the Malaysian Food Consumption Survey in 2003 was reviewed and 47 foods were selected based on bibliographical knowledge and on expertise of analysts specialized in the routine analysis of raw and processed products for aflatoxin. Taking into consideration variabilities in contaminants as a result of production and processing, the selected food was split into two food categories namely national food, which encompass processed foods and are likely to contain homogenous levels of contamination with respect to their production and/or processing methods; and regional foods, which are foods that are unprocessed and untransformed and therefore might contain heterogenous levels of contamination resulting from production and/or preparation method specific to the region. Based on these criteria, the initial food list consisting of 47 foods were further split into 28 foods categorized as national food and 19 foods categorized as regional food. Food samples from the food list were collected to represent the food consumption pattern and encompass all geographical areas in Malaysia, which included 6 regions (North, Central, South, East, Sabah and Sarawak) with each region having 3 sampling points. Sampling was performed at retail markets to ensure that the sampled products represent the foods available to the public. Collected samples were then prepared ‘as consumed’ based on individual food composite approach. Analysis of individually composited samples were then carried out using methods that have demonstrated its acceptability including adequacy of its limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision. Based on the results of the analysis and information from the food consumption, the dietary exposure and risk from getting liver cancer of the Malaysian adult population will then be estimated.

抄録全体を表示

  Mycotoxins are substances produced by certain strain of fungi and they come into the picture on the negative side of food availability and consumption. Among them, the aflatoxins are the most well known and can occur in many valuable products from plant origin, such as peanut products, job’s tear, hairy basil seed, dried chili, etc.. One aspect that all these products have in common is that they are produced mainly in regions with warm and high humidity climate. Thailand is one of the world leading agricultural suppliers and is located in the tropical zone with the hot and high humidity climate so the contamination of aflatoxins is an unavoidable problem and must be overcome. In the last 5 years, Thailand received the notifications from the importing country on the over-legislation limits of aflatoxins contamination in several agricultural commodities, i.e. peanut products, hairy basil seed, Job’s tear and dried chili. Therefore it is necessary to set up the prevention and control measure of aflatoxins and to provide the mechanism on the establishment of inspection and certification system. The “From Farm to Table” concept as well as “The Food Safety Roadmap” is the “must do” issue by The Department of Agriculture as the main department under The Ministry of Agriculture and cooperatives which is directly responsible for the food safety strategies mainly on crops in order to control the agricultural commodity so as to meet standard for the sake of safety as well as to comply with international obligation.

抄録全体を表示

　我が国においては，1971年にアフラトキシンB₁の基準値が設定されて以来，約30年もの間，食品のマイコトキシン汚染に対して特段の措置はなされてこなかった．しかし，2001年に開催されたFAO/WHO合同食品添加物専門家委員会の会議を契機とし，日本におけるマイコトキシン対策は急激に活発となった．厚生労働省では，2004年から2006年にアフラトキシン，オクラトキシンAおよびフモニシンの汚染実態調査を行い，この結果より日本におけるアフラトキシンの暴露量が推定された．2007年から2009年にはオクラトキシンAとフモニシンの汚染実態の再調査が行われた．この間，2007年にはカビ毒試験法評価委員会が設立され．これまでにデオキシニバレノール・ニバレノールの同時試験法，総アフラトキシン試験法およびアフラトキシンM₁試験法についての妥当性評価が行われた．また，2008年コーデックス委員会で木の実の総アフラトキシンに対する基準値が設定されたことを受け，総アフラトキシンの規格基準値設定作業が行われている．
　本稿では，我が国における最近のマイコトキシン対策の現状について，主として厚生労働省の動きを紹介するとともに，農林水産省や食品安全委員会における対策についても簡単に紹介する．

抄録全体を表示