In this study, we researched the relation between the number of leaves of Heterotropa asper and the environmental characteristics such as the vegetation, the angle of inclination, the cover rate of vegetation, the relative illumination. The relationships between the habit and environmental characteristics in the square section (249 spot) were cleared. As a result, many leaves were detected most frequently under the place where bright on February and dim on May, September. Most leaves were found under trees of Acer rufinerve, which satisfies the light condition mentioned above. Many leaves distributed over the edge of all forest type, including Deutzia crenata was the second place. Moreover, leaves of Heterotropa asper increased on the surface of the earth where plants cover was 30-60%, and distributed along the edge of all forest type. Hence, it is necessary for growth of Heterotropa asper to receive adequately daylight.

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This paper analyzed the relation between such environmental condition as the amount of insolation' temperature and the flowering amount of wild Rhododendrons in the secondary forest floor of the northwest Kumamoto, Kyushu. As a result of the correlative analysis, there was positive correlation between the amount of insolation in the first ten days in June on the flowering initiation and flowering amount of the two species of Rhododendron in the next year. The flowering amount of Rhododendron kaempheri increases at the convex site or the slope site and the flowering amount of Rhododendron reticulatum tends to increase at the East slope site. Also, as a result of the multi regression analysis, the following became in the clarifying. The flowering amount of R. kaempheri tends to increase under the cool environment with low temperature through the all day. The flowering amount of R. reticulatum tends to increase in the site where becomes cool in night and becomes a high temperature sufficiently in the daytime. On the other hand, since the investigated forest was dominantly composed by broad leaves evergreen trees and shrubs, in the natural succession, wild Rhododendron's flower was hardly seen. Thus it is considered that is a possibility of making the Rhododendron to produce more flowering amount, even including in the dark stands, by the thinning and removing broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs at a suitable rate.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between users consciousness and the development of Maebashi-park and their space conditions of location in Maebashi city. The main conclusions were as follows;

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Former surveys of the human behavior in the park only focused on the relation between the behavior and the specific areas in the park. But the use of the individual areas seems to contribute less to the image of the park, compared to a series of the use of the whole park. Also, we need many investigators to survey complicated user's behavior using conventional investigation method. Although, by using handy GPS, park user's tracks can be recorded easily. In summer (2002), autumn (2002), and spring (2003), the survey by handy GPS was carried out in Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. Therefore, in this study I grasped passage areas of users in Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden by using data of this investigation. It was clear that the pattern of

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Taiji Boxing, as a Chinese traditional outdoor activity, is still popular in parks and open spaces of Wuhan city nowadays. In order to make clear space characteristics of the places for Taiji Boxing, this study selects two comprehensive parks and two large-sized squares as study areas. The study surveys the total 32 Places and 276 respondents in three weeks. Through data analysis, 32 places were divided into 4 types: Type of Paths with Woods, Type of Accessible Water bodies, Type of Accessible Lawns and Type of Calm Squares. Space characteristics of each type such as location, landscape, planting style, facilities, etc, are made clear. As a result, the first type of places appears in the wide paths with woods nearby, lawns should be enhanced in the design of this kind of places. The second type of places is near large-sized and accessible water bodies, more trees are needed on sites, especially broadleaf trees to enhance shadow. The third type of places is accessible and of great lawns as the dominant landscape on sites or surrounding areas. The fourth type is calm in virtue of its separation from the main paths and woods on sites or nearby.

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A high-tree plantation that intercepts noxious ultraviolet rays and forms a cool spot on hot days in summer has high utility value as a field for environment learning, sports and leisure activities, so it is an important constituent of sustainable urban areas. This study proposes an idea of Cool Island Potential (CIP) as a green quantity index to predict both the urban environment relaxation effects and microclimate relaxation function of trees, and demonstrates the appropriateness of using the plant growth model AMAP (Atelier of Modeling of Architecture Plants) in the calculation of CIP, through the actual measurement of Leaf Area Index (LAI). The obtained results are as follows:

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To arrest global warming, it is also expected that the effect of the atmospheric CO2 storage of urban green spaces will be an important factor. On the other hand, there is very little basic data on the amount of atmospheric CO2 storage per tree-crown-covered area, which is needed when the amount of atmospheric CO2 storage of urban green spaces is calculated.

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Heat problems in the tropical countries cause thermal discomfort affecting human activity. Tree-shaded areas can reduce the heat effect by amelioration of microclimate and enhances the human thermal comfort outdoors. The objective of this study is to investigate thermal comfort and activity in tree-shaded areas in the green space of the tropical Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The investigation of thermal comfort in tree-shaded areas was conducted by structured interview, microclimate measurement and activity observation. The shade coverage was analyzed by hemispherical images and Sky View Factors (SVF) with classification of soft and hard surfaces. It was described that the cooling effect of tree-shaded areas is significant on thermal comfort in the tropics. The thermal sensation of cool-slightly cool-neutral was a condition of high comfort in tree-shaded areas in the tropics. The shade coverage was indicated by SVF values as full shade (0.0-0.2), not-full shade (0.2-0.4), and no shade (0.4-0.5). Tree-shaded areas with no shade and hard surface (NS-H) were not recommended in tropics because of the lack of comfort. The long duration of spending time, the high intensity of activity, and the willingness of using shade areas can be the indications of comfort in tree-shaded areas.

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Shiga Prefecture Government is planning to redeveloping lakeshore parks as one of the measures of Lake Biwa Comprehensive Preservation and Improvement Project. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accessibility to the parks from the neighborhood's point of view, in order to gain feedbacks for redesigning them. Spatial continuity between the lakeshore and the adjacent town was analyzed in both plans and sections at the Kitayamada District where the actual conditions of waterfront activities had been investigated previously. Daily uses and needs of the neighbors were also surveyed by the questionnaires. The results showed the problems and their several factors on the accessibility for the neighbors.

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A public open space is an urban facility which has significant influence on a community's formation. This study has two purposes. 1. To clarify the significance of community formation via resident's management of public open spaces. 2. To clarify the support of local government and activity of local residents for the improvement of a community. The study area is greenway Imaigawa Ikoi-no Mizube in Yokohama city. This study consists of the questionnaire investigation of the members of the Imaigawa Ikoi-no Mizube care organization which is a voluntary organization of local residents, the questionnaire investigation of the other residents of Imai-cho, and the fieldwork at the greenway. The results of these investigations were viewed according to five factors of community formation and two indexes of community value. Through these examinations, we came to two conclusions. 1. Management by the local residents contributes to a community's formation by synthesizing the image of future, deepening the attachment to the area, and deepening and widening communication. 2. For the improvement of a community, local government support and public relations is essential to not only lead the residents to autonomous activity, but also to join the care organization.

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Street tree planting plots are used in various ways by citizens, because these spaces are precious for residents in urban area to enjoy gardening. However, these uses may influence the growth of street trees. Therefore, we investigated the growth conditions of street trees where gardening occurred in the planting plots, the neighborhoods awareness toward this use, and the users interest in planting area. Consequently, the findings showed no serious influence upon growth, and gardening soil in the planting plots is better for plants than not. Moreover, some pedestrians are concerned about the street landscape rather than safety because insufficient maintenance and disrupts the streetscape design, and the plantings cause narrowing of the sidewalk. To resolve this, we recommend establishing rules on the use of street tree planting plots for gardening by citizens. For example sufficient watering, proper pruning, and keeping flowerpots inside of tree planting plots, will resolve these issues.

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In order to examine some essential matters of the plan for Suitable recreational use that ministry of the environment have initiated, this study focused on the zoning system and rules of recreational use as the theory and technique of planning for achieving preferable ideal recreational use condition. This paper discussed peculiar findings of planning contents and decision technique to achieve suitable recreational use in Shiretoko and tried to apply the findings obtained from this case study to other national parks in Japan. Results showed that there were two systematic methods for Suitable recreational use. One was a process based on the grasp of the problems recognized by parties concerned who were related to park management, and another was a process based on the content of the legal procedure like an existing park management plan and the administrative plan, etc. They gave assurance of the logical rationality of the process that came to judge Suitable rec-reational use and the objectivity of the material for analysis.

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Aokigahara Jukai forest spreads on the northwest base of Mt. Fuji and it is designated as national park. In spite of the protection by regulations, the increase of visitors and users immoral behavior still threaten natural resources in the park. Recent investigations and researches show that some visitors such as "eco-tour" participants are making an amendment of the utilization and they are starting to pay close attention to the natural environment. In order to combine utilization with resource protection successfully in the park, it is very important to grasp not only behavioral pattern but also consciousness of users. Therefore, we tried to find the relationship between the environmentally friendly consciousness and the attributes of users and to make the need for the guide clear. As a result, we found that the environmentally friendly consciousness is related to the image of the park and the use purpose, and that one day users and the ignorant of ecotourism do not feel the need for the guide. Based on those, it is effective to provide motivations and to spread the concept of the park administration and ecotourism for the appropriate use of natural resources. For this purpose the development of one day tour program including guidance for the utilization is needed.

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Trail degradations have been found in popular mountainous natural parks in Japan. For maintenance of trails, managers should pay attention to the attitudes of hikers and stakeholders, and they should get the consensus for the ideal maintenance method of trails with hikers and concerned stakeholders. The method that demonstrates projected trail maintenance method is needed. In this paper, we compared the hikers' evaluation of trail condition and the image of trail maintenance between on-site survey and mail-back survey at Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan. We also applied photo-montage method to evaluate projected trail maintenance by stakeholders using conjoint analysis. There were little differences between on-site hikers evaluation and mail-back evaluation. The results also didn't show any differences between labeled photos and unlabeled photos. The results of conjoint analysis showed that stakeholders considered the importance of limit of use level less than trail surface maintenance. Stakeholders preferred boardwalk at Susoaidaira where are flat and muddy area.

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This paper explores how regeneration of urban public open space was successfully derived, with specific views on a scheme in which historical landscape design was reapplied in a context of modern city, a way in which the public involved in planning process, and a way in which funds were prepared for. Particularly it examines the case of Russell Square redevelopment project in London. This historical Square located in the central London for two hundred years have been neglected for decades in the late twentieth century. In order to regenerate the space, the local authority, Camden Borough Council, consulted landscape design firm to reapply its historical landscape design, restructured trustee system around the Square, encouraged the public to involve in planning process, and applied funds for the project. Since the opening of the redeveloped Russell Square in 2002, it has been a lively urban open space for the general public in London. By examining this case, I argue about practical methods that would be essential to derive successful regeneration scheme of urban public open space.

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Despite the benefits of outdoor recreation and its importance to well-being, natural settings are often not readily accessible to people with disabilities. We examined available information related to providing access for people with disabilities by surveying Japanese and United States parks and recreation website. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) Most of U.S. website provided pragmatic guidance information including facilities, trails, access barriers and activity-choices. 2) On the other hand, available information on the Japanese website were strongly biased to facilities related (especially restrooms and parking lots), quite a few guidance on the access barriers and activity-choices. This tendency considered to be results from the lack of user-based monitoring scheme for accessible outdoor recreation settings in Japan.

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This study was intended to clarify both physical condition and childrens community that warranted the outdoor plays in 30s in the Showa era. According to the survey, the number of play kinds mentioned by those who surveyed was found to amount to 598. The study found, based on the result, that key physical conditions included a variety of waterfront space with diversity of topography, grounds covered with diversity of vegetation, flat space in village. While as childrens community, it was important that a playgroup consisted of a lot of members of different ages to secure safety and pass on their play to the next generation. Therefore it is important to make the most of secondary nature and to revive childrens community.

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In this study, we conducted a survey on play park by interviewing three groups that have organized play park activities at urban parks in the Kansai region, in order to find conditions to be required for the implementation of play park activities at urban parks and how they affect the invigoration of city parks. The results showed; 1 The cooperative relations with museums or other citizen groups such as a park cooperative, which could serve as a bridge between administrative authorities and local residents, were quite useful for play park activities at urban parks. 2 The effects to be brought by those play park activities in terms of the urban park invigoration included; the development of urban parks as a core center for local activities, the promotion of local activities, the encouragement for the residents to utilize existing facilities and set up new facilities in urban parks, the active usage of the overall urban parks in the region, and the creation of a new design to be proposed.

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This paper proposes the network game of interactive operation as a tool of the planned decision support system in park redevelopment. It is mainly grasp to the preference characteristic of each persons and effectiveness, rationality. It is made to develop into the base which raises effectiveness and rationality by introducing a social effect and a functional factor into on a physical factor in selection of the optimal strategy. First, what kind of menu selection is carried out to each relation subject according to an investment budget scale, a maintenance achievement period, and an attribute or the intention of selection hears something. This action is recorded and it becomes the data which can analyze the preference characteristic according to an occupation, a sex, and age, the view over a budget, management, and management, etc. This game is manufactured by the first step which makes efficient examination about an intention to such people's redevelopment.

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In this study, we examined the possibility of classifying representative tree species at Satoyama coppice forest based on spectral reflectance of the tree species. We used the airborne hyperspectral data observed in exhibition leaf stage at the test forest (about 3.4ha) in Tama Forest Science Garden (Hachioji, Tokyo), where the forest type similar to that of Satoyama is preserved. The classification accuracy was verified by comparing the results of interpretation of color aerial photographs taken in spring and autumn in chronological order and the field survey. As a result, the 534-556 nm (band 6 and band 7) in the visible range and 739-762 nm (band 15 and band 16), 785nm (band 17) in the near infrared range are effective bands for classification of the species of such trees as Castanopsis sieboldii, Quercus glauca, Zelkova serrata, Quercus serrata, Cryptomeria japonica, and Chamaecyparis obutusa, which are representative trees in Satoyama coppice forest in Tama district.

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This study focuses on the development of the method to reconstruct landscape of natural forests by considering spatial distribution of tree species and its land form dependence. The experiment forest of Tokyo University located in Chichibu, Saitama Prefecture was chosen as the study area. Vegetation of the natural forest was classified into four types based on the ecological knowledge obtained by previous studies about natural forest vegetation. The elevation data was similarly classified by the same methodology in order to construct vector data of the vegetation. Finally, by integrating this elevation data with the plant model AMAP and vegetation data covering large area over the Chichibu mountain areas, the 3-D CG images of the forest landscape was depicted. As an aspect of the results, it was found that the methodology developed by this study was useful for simulating images of natural forest landscape.

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After the Onin civil war (1467-77) in the mid-Muromachi era, Zen temples were restored comprehensively, from buildings and rooms, to gardens, which is the background of the dry landscape garden. The objective of this study is to explore the methods for producing the scenic composition of dry landscape gardens, which were developed mainly in the Zen sect. In order to study these production methods, the authors delved into the shoin style of architecture accompanied with dry landscape gardens, the characteristics of the rooms inside the buildings, how landscape paintings of Zen art that were developed to ornament the rooms were produced, and what kinds of characteristics are possessed by the pictoral composition of the landscape paintings. As a result, it was analogized that the similarities between dry landscape gardens and landscape paintings are not only the subject matter but also the characteristics of their components.

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This study aimed to compare forest image molded by individual experience and culture. Students in Japan and Germany answered questionnaire and made drawings of their forest image, and the elements composing the forest image differed. Japanese students tended to draw a motive of their own impressive experiences, while German students described the forest more objectively. The drawings were categorized in three types, namely Object, Natural landscape, and Cultural landscape according to the representation of civilization and the relationship to the individuals. The majority of the drawings of the German students were categorized in Object. They often have stable rich experience in visiting forests. The drawings of the Japanese students differed depending on their experience during childhood and rare actual visits.

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The rapidly aging society in recent years has been accelerating the shortage of workforce in primary industries. Consequently, agricultural landscapes, which used to be maintained by those industries, have also been undergoing a remarkable change. Agricultural landscapes, however, are one of the principal elements featuring the locality, and therefore should be taken as indispensable nowadays when local characteristics are made much of. Among agricultural landscapes, this study focused on grasslands, extracting some visual landscape components that people can recognize, aimed at providing fundamental materials in discussing effective measures for preserving local landscapes. The study showed that people have been aware of changes in grassland state due to seasonal transition or farming, viewing the presence of animals such as cattle as important in pasture landscapes. And the person who does not know the stock raising industry is higher than the person who knows at the evaluation of rural landscape scenery for example pasture. The possibility to improve the evaluation of them was suggested; how to showing these elements in rural landscapes; who sees the scenery?

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We approached evaluation for some open-spaces and expectation for the open-space activities at fixed area by Chiba university students and Koyama inhabitants; they have approximate territory of daily life and they are possible for joint work. They responded the three points. First, the students and the inhabitants mainly use the open-space with promenade. And students use the open-spaces about one time per a week but inhabitants not so much. Second, they want to join the open-space activities if the open-space is within 60 minutes walk (students) or within 30 minutes walk (inhabitants). But situation of neighbor area, they have the motivation less than 1,000m (students) or 1,500m (inhabitants) from the base. Third, inhabitants evaluated the open-spaces slightly farther than students did. But both students and inhabitants, high grading open-spaces are within 1,000m from the base, or within 500m from the neighborhood. Whole of results, we clear the trend of evaluation for open-spaces at fixed area by students and inhabitants. And we understood that open-spaces near the neighborhood can get the participants for the management activities.

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This study investigated how local people in the late Meiji Period used forest resources in satoyama landscape or local village landscape in daily life. The investigation was based on two diaries, respectively written by a farmer and by local woodsmen of a rural village in the western part of Shiga Prefecture. The diaries, local records, and data such as topography and property distribution were analyzed and some of the elders in the village were interviewed in order to gain an understanding of the use of forest resources in that time. GIS-data of topography were drawn, and GIS was used to establish a forest resources pattern. According to GIS results, the farmer conducted 95 different kinds of activities related to forest resources from 1900-1912, compared to 207 activities by the woodsmen in the period of 1894-1905 and 1907-1909. Among these, some activities overlapped: 30 were common activities that provided resources for daily life and were essential in both occupations, such as the production of firewood or grass-cutting. The study revealed a wide variety of forest resources use (pine, Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress, grass, firewood) and a pattern that varied according to factors such as topography, property distribution and distance.

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The purpose of the study was to determine how landscape that contains large wind power generation is evaluated and to clarify the differences resulting from the comparison with nearby residents and visitors respectively. A wind power generator in Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, was the subject of the present case study. Landscape evaluation was conducted in two residential areas, one of them close by and the second one further away, and in two tourist attraction locations, similarly at varying viewing distance from the generator, by means of a questionnaire survey. Analysis of the comparison results revealed that the visitors evaluated the landscape much more positively than the local residents. Moreover, it was clarified that landscape evaluation by the visitors tended to be influenced by viewing distance at a much higher degree than in the case of the residents. And the evaluation by the residents seemed to be less moderated by viewing distance. Further analysis showed that landscape evaluation by the local residents was strongly influenced by co-evaluation of other, related factors, and that their judgment was affected by a more comprehensive understanding of the landscape.

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The system of Preservation Districts for Groups of Historic Buildings had accomplished landscape conservation of historic villages by preservation of landscape element and harmonization with environments surrounding it. However, on recent trend, the concern of preservation subject has moved from landscape element to village-landscape. A village-landscape is represented from the impression of experience in the village. The study purpose is clarifying the feature of the landscape structure of OMOTE in connection with recognition of a village-landscape in Oouchi-juku. OMOTE is widely vacant space between the street and the house and between the house and the house, and OMOTE is a place that impresses the feature as a lodging-farm village. As the result of research, the change of the village-landscape that the lodging-farm village-feature becomes indefinite can be recognized through the feature of the landscape structure of OMOTE. It was shown as visually- disconnection to the background living field by the form of a temporary construction for tourist interest. Furthermore, the change of the landscape structure of OMOTE has affected the change of residents' recognition concerning the feature of the village-landscape, too.

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Recently, renovation project of existing structures, such as old architecture, industrial or civil engineering facilities are taken for efficient use of existing facilities with different functions. This current on social facilities may suggest the gradual change of value from flow (scrap and build) to social "stock". Their purposes of renovation are to acquire economic benefit or efficient preservation of cultural heritages, however, landscape or spatial values or meaning of renovated landscape or space which the structures take on as a result of renovation have yet to be sufficiently discussed.

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Ukiyoe of the Edo period was the first common people art that their vitality had produced. It was the only mass media which supported the peoples amusement, education, and fashions. We noticed that riverside was drawn in 76% of the Ukiyoe prints in One Hundred Edo Noted Place Pictures that was very popular among Edo people. And We analyzed riverside space components liked by Edo people in the prints. We extracted seven riverside space components (space expression domain, key Line, four seasons, mountain, breakwater form, plants, construction) and three noted place components (natural features spot system, seasons and years system, subject system) which were common to the traditional painting technique of the Japanese paintings, from the prints. We clarified the correlation between them. As a result, the riverside space compositions, that was mostly used in the prints was the one that the pine was planted in the bank, and the bridge was built. This simple riverside space composition was a flexible space structure, in which people were able to receive the annual events, history, and natural features of the season, such as evergreen pine and scattered cherry blossoms.

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The Satsuma clan (Edo Era), ordered two editors to collect documentation on local landscape characteristics to produce a collection titled, Sangoku Natural Beauty Spot Collection (1843). This collection introduced eight wakas (traditional Japanese style poetry consisting of 31 syllables) written by Nobusuke Konoe titled, Eight Scenic Spots in Bonotsu, which were influenced by eight scenes in south Satsuma. Each waka included an illustration of the scene produced by a professional artist hired by Konoe. It is known by historical fact that these eight sites existed but no concrete location was ever identified nor pursued. This report confirms the existence and naturalistic value of the Eight Scenic Spots in Bonotsu. Research based on vegetation, geological formation, and extracted historical information has clarified the location of each site. Realizing the identity of each location, a suitable conservation plan is proposed which addresses the evident problems concerning the conservation of the Eight Scenic Spots in Bonotsu. The basis of this research study reveals the necessity to conserve each site based on its natural landscape and significance as cultural heritage. The consideration for maintenance and practical application usage of each site is also addressed in regards to the proposed conservation plan.

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When people visit special protection zones of national parks such as Oze (Ozegahara, Japan), they expect to have the high-quality experience of a visit without the feeling of congestion. This study's goal is to create a specific index to evaluate the sense of congestion that subjects felt while observing people on a wooden path using a rest terrace as a viewing platform. This study evaluated the sense of congestion of approximately 20 subjects who viewed the wooden path from a rest terrace in Ozegahara. In addition, this study also evaluated the sense of congestion of another 71 subjects who looked at photos of the wooden path while located at the same terrace. The results are summarized as follows: Under the conditions that (1) the subjects could view a landscape of 500m, and (2) the subjects watched people walking on the wooden path for more than 7 minutes; the limit of the acceptable number of people on the wooden path was approximately 100. Acceptability was defined by subjects as follows: (A) subjects perceived the density as not too high and (B) subjects managed to feel a sense of satisfaction. The number of people with which the subjects considered the density as low and felt a sense of satisfaction was approximately 20-30.

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It is indispensable to know about the relation between the background of an individual or a specific group and evaluation, when we manage various kinds of plans corresponding to the needs to diversify appropriately. This paper attempts to identify differences between policies and practices arising from environment planning in Japan today. The research genealogy was arranged and used to investigate the characters and tendencies of the earlier Western-language references in this field, focusing on the background of the subject and its environmental orientation.

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This research aims to present the direction urban river improvement should take by understanding the water-familiar activity of residents near an urban river. We carried out surveys with residents at the Oncheon River located in Busan, Korea. To understand the water-familiar activity pattern related to the characteristics of river space, the study analyzed the use state and concrete activity. As a result, it was discovered that the urban river was the site of a lot of activities related to the water indirectly, and showed a lot of activities that the space was used for spectacles and the spaciousness around the river. Therefore, when the river is maintained, it is necessary to maintain it according to residents demands that the environment around the river and the characteristics of the river space are made the best use of. Also, the use of the river space in the city should be maintained as a place to enjoy water and nature, and coexist with the city space.

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This study was intended to find conditions required for promoting the city-planning on the initiative of residents, by clarifying the developmental processes in the citizen-led city-planning in Kanaoka-cho, Sakai City, which is located in an urban fringe area. According to our analysis of the results, the city-planning activities were found to be categorized into five stages: 1. the primary period of proposition initiated by residents, 2. the period of recognizing and sharing the problems of the local community, 3. the period of determining principles on the city-planning, 4. the period of making a vision on the land use, and 5. the period of setting about the specific activity. It is also revealed that in order to promote the progress in each phase, it is necessary to recognize and share the problems, and to improve the community organization as a decision-making body making an agreement with the principles or the vision. And also it is important to connect closely with administrative bodies or universities that give them technical advice appropriately.

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The purpose of this study is demonstrating the issues and the prospects at citizen-participated park management of Arimafuji Park in Hyogo Prefecture. We grasped and analyzed the system of Arimafuji Park Management/Planning Council, the proceedings of Coordination Section for the management and the record of Dream Program Project as a self-planning/operating event by citizens' groups. The know-how and the issues about citizen-participated park management develop. About system like the council, it is effective that the project based on the proposal from the field is realized, and system has to be continued. About citizen-participated programs like Dream Program Project, it is effective that citizen-participated programs are continued as training talents. About coordinators, the other parks in Hyogo Prefecture must have coordinators, because they are very important for citizen-participated park management. We thought that the citizens' groups in Arimafuji Park couldnt manage the park. They need the motivation. So, for citizen-participated park management, they must manage parks cooperated with residents in each areas.

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Recently, municipal ordinances regarding Satochi landscapes conservation have been frequently enacted, and expectations for these ordinances have been increasing. Improvement of the implementation of these municipal ordinances can be regarded as urgent and important. As a first step toward improvement, this paper attempts to give a detailed picture of these ordinances at regional scale by classification based on the contents of the documents of in these ordinances. As a result, three different types were distinguished. The first type consisted of ordinances enacted recently, in which a target site with farmland and forest and the community participation system as implementation measure were described (Type A). It was considered that this type of ordinance responded to the problems on conserving farmland and forest integrally. The second type consisted of ordinances in which government-initiated implementation measures regarding the maintenance of forests or agricultural lands were described (Type B). The third type consisted of ordinances without a definite description of the target site and implementation measures (Type C). It was also suggested that ordinances of Type A and Type B had different institutional issues. It was considered that Type A and Type B contributed to different aspect of Satochi landscape conservation and that a resolution of issues of each type was needed.

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Recently, the health enhancement and relaxation effect of the activities such as farming or basking in the woods have been paid much attention to. In todays rapidly aging society of Japan, preventive medicine for healthy people has gained importance in addition to the conventional treatments and rehabilitations. Therefore, it is crucial to discover use for the green space in the community as a new stage for health promotion, and to vitalize the citizen activities that are to operate and manage such an institution. In this study, we have placed a focus on the Minuma-Tanbo Welfare-Farm where preservation of city-suburbs green and gardening activities of disabled people are integrated in one. Through participative observation, hearing survey, and document research, we have made a model of its management system by categorizing its 20-year history of development into 3 different stages. As a result, it has become clear that not only combining of the welfare and green-preservation activities in the local community lessen the burdens of the welfare organizations, but it also makes possible the cultivation of human resources that are difficult to come across in an ordinary welfare environment, and the substantiation of diverse activities.

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The suburban secondary forest, which had suffered a lack of proper management in the past, is regarded as a valuable source of natural environment. The forests maintenance and management have improved in recent years.

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Recently, although civic groups working for Satoyama preservation are becoming more numerous, it will be difficult for such groups to continue operating for an extended period, meaning each individual involved in the activity must have their own motivation to work continuously. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of vegetation based on Satoyama preservation activities by civic groups, and assess the changes in vegetation affecting the awareness of the participants. In this study we examined the Satoyama forests of the suburban Hino city area in west Tokyo, and the civic group which preserved there. 36 quadrats were subject to flora survey, and we investigated the existing vegetation. Based on this research, we classified the plots according to the frequency and mode of management. Consequently, volunteer activities led to changes in the Satoyama vegetation. In particular, rare species appeared in areas which had been trimmed by hand based on personal judgment. Subsequently, we carried out a questionnaire survey and investigative discussion involving the members of the civic group. We found that the changes of vegetation, especially in terms of appearance and the flowering rare species generated through their activity, brought them pleasure and fulfillment. Consequently vegetation changes sparked by Satoyama preservation work would leave participants satisfied and motivate them to continue engaging in such activities.

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The purpose of this study is to present an analytical method of forest edges and interiors using raster GIS for landscape and urban planning. For this purpose, we propose using the minimum distance from outside patch, which is calculated based on the distance between different land use districts. To investigate its characteristics, we compared it with Shape Index and 2ndAI using the data of "Forest Land, Waste Land, etc." of Detailed Digital Information in Izumi Ward in Yokohama City in 1994. The comparison revealed that 1) Shape Index was not appropriate for analyzing per cell unit in detail although it was effective for analyzing edge complexity per patch unit, 2) 2ndAI was not suitable for evaluating edges with precision due to the fact that it was more focused on evaluating the agglomeration per cell unit, and 3) the minimum distance from outside patch could effectively analyze forest edges and interiors per cell unit in detail, overcoming the shortcomings of both Shape Index and 2ndAI.

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This paper proposes an environmental evaluation method in units of small watershed in order to discuss the guideline for the landscape management considering the conservation and restoration of the local biodiversity on scale of city or district. The Survey area is Kamakura city and the evaluation species are two frog species; Rana ornativentris and Rhacophorus schlegelii. The combination of biotope types is one of the important factors in the habitat environment. Firstly, biotope types were classified as habitat of each evaluation species for the breeding and non-breeding season based on the biotope map of Kamakura city. The combination of the biotope types of each small watershed were evaluated as the habitat potentiality. The correspondence of evaluation results to actual habitats validated the evaluation method. Secondly, the small watersheds were classified into six types of environmental character by cluster analysis using indices of the land features and land cover. Furthermore, to combine the environmental characteristics with the evaluation result clarified the environmental potential of each small watershed type as habitat of evaluation species.

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Obuse town is the first case of Open Garden, that is to open the private residential are with well decorated gardens, in cooperation with the administration office. The aim of this study is to investigate the meaning and significance of Open Garden in Obuse town celebration of flowers and greenery. This study adopted a questionnaire survey among the visitors at the greenery event, and 275 visitors responded. I concluded the following, based on my analysis of the questionnaire results: the addition of open gardens which are open to the public all year round to the event clearly diversified the range of activities available to the visitors. Even those visitors who did not intend to see the open gardens dropped by the gardens during their walks through the town. Although the open gardens which receive many visitors are usually concentrated around tourist attractions, they are distributed across relatively a wide area. Shuttle bus service and the distribution of information through free brochures made it easier for people to visit the open gardens. The synergy between the greenery event and Open Garden led to the diversification of the activities enjoyed by the visitors, and, as a result, the event was enriched.

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In this study, we surveyed the actual conditions of facade greening with climbing plants for detached houses in Kyoto City. The percentage of detached houses with exterior space was 85% (N=222), and that of detached houses without exterior space was 15% (N=222). The scenes using facade greening were categorized into 4 types, street type, drive type, garage type, and water way type. We found out that the forms of facade greening were classified into 33 types. The typical cases were concrete block or brick wall combined with fence (N=40), concrete block or brick wall combined with gate (N=38), concrete block or brick wall (N=33), and wall surface of house (N=20). As a result of analyzing the combination of forms and scenes, the functions of the landscaping were considered to be an important role in street, drive, and garage. Analyzing the combination of the characteristics of using plants, scenes, and forms, we found out the various combinations of the properties of climbing plants and facade. The most important thing about this study is that facade greening was carried out at the various forms and scenes in detached houses.

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Recently, much importance has been attached to the residential environment. The qualitative improvement of residential life is required in the built-up areas. It is important to understand the relationship between residents' evaluation for residential environment and the present physical environment of the residential area, and to apply the result to the plan and design of living environment on the residential environment improvement project. In this study, we investigated the residents' consciousness about many items of residential environment by means of a questionnaire to residents of eight areas in Nagano City. Also we investigated the present physical environment of the residential area. As a result of understanding the relationship between residents' evaluation for residential environment and the present physical environment, it was found that the improvement in amenity of living environment and townscape was important for enhancing the residents' consciousness of residence, and the improvement in townscape led to recognition of safety by using the covariance structure analysis. And it was especially necessary to improve the safety and amenity in the residential environment improvement project at the residential area level.

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Many urban areas suffered damage by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Urban renewal projects occurred in areas stricken by the greatest damage. When renewal projects were completed, the previous urban form and character was lost, making uniformity an issue. By this occurrence, city planning efforts to involve citizens in the continuation of regionalism was conceived. Therefore, this research embanked upon a hearing with the lead person of the city office for district urban renewal projects as a means to organize ways to continue regional identity. To clarify the relationship of regionalism and landscape, Area one of Western Ashiya city was used a test case by investigating conditions before the earthquake and current of tree preservation and resident questionnaires. The findings verified the trees remaining after the earthquake contributed to the continuation regionalism and establishment of regional identity.

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The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of streetscape improvement by Business Improve Districts (BIDs) in New York City. Three BIDs in New York City, including Grand Central Partnership, Alliance for Downtown New York, and Times Square Alliance, were selected as case studies. A series of interviews to the BID officials as well as field surveys was conducted in the year 2000 and 2005. The major findings are the following. a) Steetscape improvements by three BIDs are planned and implemented to promote districts interests through community-involved project processes, b) whlie the BIDsstreetscape improvement businesses are under the supervision of the city agencies, they are cooperating by sharing information, c) the BIDs can maintain high quality of streetscape design by flexibly appointing best-suited designers, d) budgetary condition of the BIDs is stable but not plentiful enough to proceed many streetscape improvement projects at once, and e) the effects of the streetscape improvement projects by the BIDs are evaluated mostly through indirect indexes.

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The aim of this study is to consider positioning of The Scenic Zone before the Second World War in Tokyo historically. In 1919 Hiroshi Ikeda drafted The Town Planning and Zoning Act, referring to a German counterpart. The Scenic Zone had many purposes before the war. At first, The Scenic Zone played some roles of National Monuments Save Act. Secondly Tokutaro Kitamura estimated cooperation between The Scenic Zone and The Tokyo Park System in advance. At the same time he thought that he applies The Scenic Zone to substitution for parks in the future. In this way, apart from an original purpose, The Scenic Zone was used variously, making up for other systems and plans which are similar to the Scenic Zone System. This reason was based on diversity of definition of The Scenic Zone. But this diversity became ambiguity as time passes. And ambiguity of definition of The Scenic Zone is one of many problems nowadays. In the future how to position The Scenic Zone and how to use it are important.

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Primary purpose of this study was to examine the process of landform transformation for the new town development in the suburban hilly topographical areas, and the concepts and ideas of physical planning and design in its background as well. A case study was conducted in Senri New Town that extends across the area of Suita City and Toyonaka City, Osaka Prefecture. Based on the information found in graphical plans and project reports, and following three steps of project level, i.e. project planning for the entire area, planning of each individual area and layout design of each residential block, how the original topography was integrated into the landform and landscape planning was closely traced. Although the topographical features was given a higher priority on the level of project planning and numerous methods to adopt topography to landform design were employed, those have been dismissed in the later steps of project due mostly to time constrains and innovations in civil engineering technology. On the other hand, substantial endeavors were given to planning and designing prominent residential environment by integrating topographical features on the level of developing each residential block

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Tama New Town Development Plan based upon the natural topography that was proposed in 1965 and abandoned afterwards was examined in this study in terms of 1 relationship between structure of the natural topography and land use pattern, 2 allocation of open space, pedestrian ways and their networking system, and 3 several noted aspects of functional system to sustain the overall space organization in the developed area. A comparative study with the realized development plan, which required higher amount of landform transformation, revealed some significant contemporary meanings of the plan based upon the natural topography as follows. The most basic structure of the natural topography in hilly area represented by ridgelines and valley areas was applied to articulate numerous land use units in the developed area, to create a network of open spaces and pedestrian ways rich in experience of natural environment, and to function as a physical elements that realize an optimum organization of residential districts and other facilities. In this sense, the area would have been preserving substantial resources for the future restoration based on the infrastructure of natural environment.

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