The importance of antibacterial immunity in the staphylococcal infection was stressed by Forssman. Formolised staphylococci as well as living ones can set up an immunity which may be sufficient to protect rabbits against a lethal dose of staphylococci. Immunized rabbits can resist larger doses of staphylococci, but this is not associated with increased bactericidal power of their blood. There is some increased resistance to intravenous infection, but this resistance is attributed to non-specific effects since it can also be obtained by the use of unrelated vaccines. This fact was also observed in case of the infection with enteric virulent bacteria, in our experiments with mice. Such non-specific effects may be attributed to the enhancement of the activity of reticulo-endot-herial system and to the local defence mechanisms followed by the immunity with killed vaccines. But except such nonspecific effects there is specific immune effect of folmolized vaccine against the staphylococcal infection. The factor of this specific immune effect is not yet solved.

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Live birth rates of premature babies in three health center districts of Kawasaki City were statistically investigated from a view point of the regional socio-economic status. Then the results obtained were as follows :
1) The highest live birth rate of prematurity was observed in the agricultural area for the last five years. The lowest was in the residential area and the annual change in the industrial area varied in the middle of the other two.
2) In some subdistricts of the agricultural area, live birth rates of prematurity were not always associated with the number of farming households or farming population. The fact seemed to be related with other social factors evolved there.
3) As one of possible factors a rapid increase of hospital delivery was presumably responsible in reducing premature births.
4) In the industrial area, live birth rates of prematurity were the highest in some subdistricts with slum quarters, but oned with residential quarters which seem to be in good environmental conditions showed the lower incidence of prematurity.
5) As one of statistical indices, the auther suggested the following ratio to evaluate a local level of maternity care.
P.F.R. (An abbreviated form)
=Number of Premature births + Spontaneous foetal deaths after 28 weeks/All live births + Spont. foet. deaths after 28 weeks×100
6) Live birth reates of prematurity by subdistrict were fairly coincident with the state of maternal and child health evaluated by several indices, such as Neonatal Mortality Rates, Perinatal Mortality Rates (P.M.R.) and P.F.R.etc.

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The author studied mortality rates of premature babies in Takatsu, agricultural districts, the north-western part of Kawasaki City. Home care program for premature babies had started in June 1953, and 248 cases of 332 premature babies (74.7%) have been cared by home visiting and baby-clinic from 1953 to 1956. Survival rates of these premature babies at infancy were calculated by modified life table method to evaluate the effect of home care program. The results obtained were as follows :
1) Infant mortality rate among all premature babies was 150.7 (per 1000 live births), and neonatal mortality rate was 120.5, from 1951 to 1959 in this area. The former was about five times as high of mature babies and the latter was about fifteen times. Mortality rates were the highest directly after birth in every birth weight group and were decreasing afterward gradually. Of course, the lower a birth weight was, the more remarkable was the decreasing trend of survival rates. For instance, only 50-60% of all premature babies with a birth weight less than 2000 gm could survive at the third month after birth.
2) In accordance with the progress of home care program, mortality rates of prematurity seem to have been lowering annually from 1952 to 1956, but mortalities of mature babies were rather stationary during the periods,
3) Infant mortality rate among premature babies cared under the program was much lower (2.8%) than non-cared group (34.5%), and the difference was statistically significant.
4) Survival rate of cared-group was much higher than non-cared group as judged from the survival curves, and the difference was more remarkable between two groups of pemature babies with a birth weight less than 2000 gm.
5) These findings show that the results of home care of premature babies are of the same order as compared with the results of hospital care (calculated from Dunham's data) but premature babies with a birth weight less than 1500 gm.

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Previously Utena and Ezoe investigated the in vitro metabolism of the cerebral tissues taken from chronic schizophrenics and methamphetamine addicts at the time of frontal leucotomy. They found, in both cases, a significant decrease in aerobic lactate formation despite normal oxygen uptake. Further, they reduplicated this abnormal type of tissue metabolism in guinea pigs in which chronic methamphetamine intoxication was experimentally produced.
As the incubation medium adopted by these authors was devoid of Ca, it was required to examine their results both in the ordinary medium containing Ca : and that with high potassium concentration (Potassium effect).
Moreover, it was asked whether any abnormalities were found in other organs than the brain of the intoxicated animals especially in the endocrine system and in the body fluids.
In the present studies, chronic methamphetamie intoxication was produced in guinea pigs and the investigations were carried out concerning the above mentioned questions.
Results
1. Oxygen uptake of cerebral tissues from the intoxicated animals was normal in the ordinary Krebs-Ringer medium containing Ca, but lactate formation was decreased 43% as compared with the control. In this way, the results by Utena and others were reconfirmed.
2. It was demonstrated that potassium effect was normal in cerebral tissues from animals with chronic methamphetamine intoxication.
3. Lactate formation remained the same in control cerebral tissues, whether or not they were incubated in the saline added with dialyzed serum from normal animals, whereas it showed 50% decrease when these tissues were acted upon by dialysed serum from the intoxicated animals. It was namely demonstrated that there must be a glycolysis-inhibiting factor or factors in the serum from the intoxicated animal.
4. Oxygen uptake and lactate formation were increased slightly in cerebral tissues from both controls and the intoxicated animals, when they were acted upon by non-dialyzed serum. Moreover, the abnormalities in cerebral tissue metabolism of the intoxicased animals disappeared as in the case of potassium effect.
5. The relation between the inhibitory action and the serum concentration in medium was described.
6. The inhibitory action of the serum was lost when it was heated at 60°C for 30 minutes.
7. Dialyzed sera from the intoxicated and the normal animals were compared each other with regard to percentages of protein fractions. No apparant difference was revealed.
8. In the intoxicated animals normal blood sugar level, enlargement of the adrenals and remarkable involution of the thymus were observed.

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The therapeutic effects of radioisotopes on 32 epileptic patients were studied according to Zyusin and Zaichkina' s reports. The following results were obtained.
1. By the injection of radioisotopes P³² or I¹³¹, 20-100μc, the clinical symptoms showed no change contrary to Zyusin's results.
2. Electroencephalograms 1-24 hours after the administration of injection were clearly improved in 8 cases. Seven of these cases had focal signs in electroencephalograms before head.
3. The effcts of radioisotopes on the electric convulsion threshold of rats were observed. It seemed that the threshold was slightly raised.

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In the course of the infection with the virulent strain of 116-54 of S.enteritidis, biochemical changes of mice liver were investigated.
1) Mice were infected with10^-7 mg of virulent strain of 116-54. The content of ribonucleic acid in the mice liver decreased abruptly 2 to 3 days before death, while acid-soluble phosphate compound, phospholipid and phosphoprotein contents of the livers remained unchanged. However, a significant increase in the incorporation of inorganic P₃₂ into phospholipids and nucleic acids was shown 3 days after the infection.
2) Maximum activities of various respiratory enzymes such as succinic, pyruvic, α-ketoglutaric, glutamic and cytochrome oxidases were observed 2 days after the infection of 10^-7 mg of the virulent strain 116-54 of S.enteritidis. Further progress of this infection produced a profound fall of activities of these enzymes, which were almost inactivated about 24 hours before death. After the infection of 10^-4 mg of virulent strain, the activities of these enzymes decreased instantly without showing any increase in activity. When succinate was used as substrate, the P/O ratio of mitochondria of mice liver remained unchanged after the infection of 10^-7 mg of virulent strain.
3) Phosphomonoesterase, glucose-6-phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase activities were almost unchanged during the course of the infection.

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Many papers concerning the O-antigen of gramnegative enteric bacilli were presented.O-antigen contains two kinds of lipid : lipid B was separated readily and regarded as cephalin.Lipid A was extracted with chloroform-ethanol mixtuter containing hydrochloric acid. In this paper, the O-antigen of E. coli 0-23 was extracted and the cephalin of this antigen was investigated. The lipids were fractionated by solvents. One of these fraction, which was soluble in diethyl ether and ethanol, contained 7.0% ethanolamine and 1.5% serine, and the other fraction, which was soluble in diethyl ether, but insoluble in ethanol contained 2.0% ethanolamine and 4.6% serine. There was no choline in any fraction. Average neutralization values of fatty acids in these two fractions were 194 and 239 respecively.

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After oral administration of I₁₃₁, thyroidal uptake was caluculated with Scintillation counter at 1, 24, and 48 hours.
In hyperthyroidism, 1 hour uptake was higher than 8%, and 24 hours uptake was higher than 45%, and thereafter the uptake decreased.
In euthyroid subjects, 1 hour uptake was lower than 8%.
24 and 48 hours uptakes were almost similar and lower than 45%.
Almost similar uptake was presented in simple goiter, but in some cases abnormal high uptake or low uptake was noticed.
In hypothyroidism, uptake was always lower than 10%.
The effect of thyroid medication was obtained in 60.8% in simple goiter.
The uptake in various thyroid disorders (Hashimoto's disease, subacute thyroiditis etc) a d another endocrine disorders were observed.
By this study, the measurement of thyroidal uptake at 1, 24 and 48 hours was highly evaluated to differentiate various thyroid disorders.

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An autopsy case of a 68 years old male who died of primary carcinoma of the liver with manifold histologic features, accompanied with portal cirrhosis, was reported. The tumor tissues occupied almost whole the left hepatic lobe and the part of right lobe. Metastasis was found in the lymph nodes and lungs, and peritoneal carcinomatosis was noticed. Histologically, the hepatic and extrahepatic tumor tissues showed manifold pictures ranging from liyer-cell carcinoma to fibrosarcomatous pattern. As the result of observation classifying the histologic features into four types, the mutual transition between them was noticed. It was understood that the tumor of this case was a special type of liver-cell carcinoma.

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スルフォサリチル酸を加えて生ずる蛋白溶液の溷濁を光電比色計を用いて測定するExton, Looncy, Fritz-Heepe等の方法に類似した方法で, 検体に対して加える試薬の量及び濃度を検討し改良した結果, 次のような操作により尿蛋白を定量する方法を考案した.
検体, 5%酢酸, 10%スルフォサリチル酸を2 : 1 : 1の比に混和し, 5分後に軽く振糧して所要量をキューベットにとり, 610mμ前後のフィルターを用いて生じた溷濁の吸光度を測定する.対照は検尿を水で2倍に稀釈したものを用い, 標準曲線は治療用乾燥血漿を用いて作る.ただし, アルブミンとグロブリンで溷濁の生じ方に幾分差があるので, 蛋白質の絶対量を正確に測定することはできない.この方法を用いて腎炎患者の尿蛋白排泄の時間的変化を調べた例を記載したが, かなりの実用性をもっていることがわかった.

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Medical examinations were carried out on the spot on 3, 076 persons of dust-producing worksnops in Gunma Prefecture, and 306 cases (9.98%) were found suffering from silicosis.
Distribution of the grade of the disease was as follows : 214 (6.97%) of grade I, 66 (1.96%) of grade II, 19 (0.62%) of grade III, and 13 (0.43%) of grade IV.
The order of the incidence rate for different kinds of work was earth and stone work (the highest) lignite mining work, and metal work.
In all kinds of work, the incidence rate increased with increase in age and years of occupation.

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1. Ecologieal observations and experiments of Oncomelania nosophora. whieh was found in another place have been carried out in the field during the summer, when the activity of snails usually in water most active.
2. 12 hrs later the anails were put in current water in the field, the distribution of them was varried allmost all snails were forced to move themselves upstream.
3. In thc daytime the snails activity was more active than in dusk, so that the distances of their movement was 190 cm maximam in the daytime, 150 cm in dusk. and the average distancc of their movement 77.1 cm and 49.0 cm.
The average speed of them was 6.4-15.1 cm/hr. in the daytime and 4.1-6.8 cm/hr. in dusk.

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An outbreak of mild illness, affecting mainly school children, occured in Gunma Prefecture during the lates summer of 1958.
Evidence then available indicated that the illness represented a clinical entity different from the more commonly known respiratory diseases.
By usual laboratory examinations, in eluding HeLa cell cultures, no causative agent was found in specimens from the patients with fever. Isolations from the throat washing and the feces of the patients by means of the hemadsorption technic and monkey kidney tissue culture were unsuccessful. In serological tests, no antibody increase was found for any prototype strains of influenza, mumps, parainfluenza, and adenoviruses.

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The statistical survey has been made on the forty-six cases of the childhood mutism from among the 24, 245 pupils of the whole elementary schools in the City M., by means of the diagnostic interview and the questionnaire method. The childhood mutisms were observed Tin 0.19% of the whole pupils, girls exceeding boys in the frequency.
The personal and environmental factors which may bring about anxiety and feeling of isolation on the part of the patients producing negativistic responses such as mutism are as follows :
The personal factors contributing to infantile mutism were intellectual retardation and consequently poor academic achievement with delayed commencement of speech and walking. Notable diseases in the past, and nervous habits in the past and present are often considered as contributing factors. Although the problem of the heredity of the mutistic trends needs further considerations, patients' near relatives surveyed showed comparatively frequent occurrences of mutism. The psychiatric survey of the patients' present physical conditions revealed no direct relationships with mutism, with the exceptions of some physical indications for some of the mentally deficient subjects.
As for environmental factors, the attitudes of their parents' laissez-faire and their mothers' over-protection may be influential in producing mutism. It was noticed that the academic career and socio-economic status of the parents were considerably low. Among the effects of the grandparents' attitudes contributing to the formation of the symptom, the grandmothers' over-protection should be emphasized. In some cases, sibling rivalry might also be regarded as a factor, but in this respect, further observation may be demanded. The numbers of the patients' friends and playmates are remarkably few, which might in turn promote the mutistic trends. Situations causing the childhood mutism are found chiefly in and around schools and unacquainted places, being scarcely seen in the home and neighbourhood situations.

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A psychotherapeutic device involving both desensitization and supportive therapy was applied to twenty-two mutistic pupils in elementary schools. The desensitization is based upon the principle of reconditioning, and the supportive therapy, upon the principle of the group effect. The therapeutic effect, then, was expected through the gradual increment of tolerance on the part of the patient.
The procedures were consisted of the following five therapeutic stages, the interval between each stage being approximately one week.
1) Introductory stage : Therapist has a personal therapeutic interview in a small room with the patient, who is requested simple oral answers.
2) Inuring stage : The therapist and the patient are in the classroom with a few of his intimate friends. The task here is to give some oral salutations.
3) Promoting stage : The number of the friends attending is increased to more than five in the same classroom. Reading some short sentences aloud is the task here.
4) Reality stage : The usual class-work situations. The patient is asked to read loudly the sentences he read in the preceding stage.
5) Spontaneity stage : The patient is charged with oral messages from one teacher to another in the various situations. Spontaneous speaking was expected.
The method was effective for seventeen case; (77%), almost ineffective for two (9%), and incurable for three (14%). In ineffective and incurable cases, where the symptom formation was long-dated and stable, the functions of both reconditioning and group effect were observed to be of little effect.

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The present investigation is an attempt to elucidate the relation between S.enteritidis and the abdominal monocytes of mice in tissue culture. Monocytes were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of mice which had been given an injection of 1 ml of glycogen solution four to five days prior to the collection. The monocytes were obtained by washing with Hanks solution. The cells were Placed in a Porterflask or culture-chamber and incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. The results were as follow :
1) The monocytes of nornal mice were maintained as long as one week in tissue culture.
2) The monocytes were infested with virulent or attenuated strains of S.enteritidis and placed in tissue culture tube. The virulent strain of S.enteritidis ingested in monocytes Proliferated in the cells. The cells rere desrupted. But the monocytes inhibited the proliferation of attenuted strain of S.enteritidis ingested into the cells, There was a parallel correlation between monocyte and bacteria ingested into the cells. The bacteria in the celles did not proliferate, persisted. in the cells for a long time and were able to form colonies, on agar.
3) Serum obtained from the mice immunized with killed vaccine slightly inhibited the intracellular multiplication of bacteria, but no effect was observed from the serum of mice immunized with living vaccine.

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It is generally thought to be more rational in the preventive approach for the maternal health, to predict premature infants in advance to their births. In this point of view, analysis of the relationship between the physical status of newborn infants and their maternal factors was made retrospectively.
In the present paper, the newborn randomly selected from all over the country, totalling 11, 000 and additional 830 cases of the newborn infants delivered in the wards of two hospitals were examined and analysed.
The analysis was forcussed especially on several measurements available in the routine prenatal clinics, i. e. the increment of body weight, abdominal circumference, abdominal distance between the fundus uteri and the pubic symphysis, and blood pressure. Beside this, considerations were also given on the interval of births, previous artificial abortion and placental weight.
The results revealed the association between the prematurity and placental weight, maternal hypertension in the later stage of pregnancy. Further details will be studied and discussed in the forthcoming report.

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In Shigella flexneri 1-4, directed antigenic changes from lb to 4b (I→IV) and from 2a to 4a (III→IV) were found by using culture-filtrates of Shigella flexneri 4, besides those from la to 4a and from 3b to 4b which are reported by S. Matsui. In these antigenic changes, it was confirmed that the transformed antigen is the type antigen IV, not the type antigen IV_. The transforming principle is the temperate phage itself carried by Shigella flexneri 4b and 4c. This phage had specific affinity to the group antigen 4 carried by la, 1 b, 2a and 3b. The relations between this phage conversion and the antigenic variations obtained by means of anti-factor sera were investigated and the antigenic changes from the limited group of Y-variants which yet posessed the group antigen 4 to IV₁ were succeeded. The type antigen IV₁ and the phage of Sh. fiexneri c could not be completely lost even by the action of anti-factor serum or anti-phage serum.

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In the Previous paper of this journal, it was reported that S.enteritidis was classified into three groups; S, SER and R type, by using phages, which were obtained from natural sourses in our laboratory.
Every strains used for living vaccine were determined by phage typing the situation of SER strain between S and R type. And it was also attempted to determine the relation between the situation of SER strains and the immunogenic properties of these strains.
It was concluded that the SER strains were most eminent in immunogenic property. But the quantitative situation of SER strains between S and R type was not parallel with the immunogenic property of these strains.

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When the head of the mouse is irradiated with X-ray, characteristic neural symptoms are produced. When the dose is above 2 × 10 γ, the symptoms are characterized by especially remarkable spasm resembling epileptic paroxysm, Which is followed by ataxia. The author investigated change which occurs in this case in the brain tissue.
Cystine and NaCl, which are regarded to be protective chemicals against X-ray, and central nerve toxins (morphine hydrochloride, soluble barbital, sodium thiopental, urethan, aleviatin, chlorpromazine, prometazine, vasopressin, DOCA, chlorothiazide, magnesium sulfate, caffein and sodium benzoate, and camphor) were administered before and after the irradiation to see their effect of their concomitant use.
Cystine (also chlorothiazide) showed protective effect against the characteristic neural symptoms and fatal damage caused by the irradiation, when given before it. NaCl had no remarkable effect against either of these. Chlorpromazine had protective effect against the former, but was ineffective against the latter. Soluble barbital, urethan, aleviatin, promethazine, caffein and sodium benzoate, and camphor exerted more or less the same effect as chlorpromazine. Morphine hydrochloride produced some protective effect against both of these two kinds of X-ray damage. The effects of sodium thiopental, DOCA and magnesium sulfate resembled this. Vasopressin enhanced the damage to some degree.
From these observations, the following conclusions were drawn.
1) Some chemicals which were effective on the characteristic neural symptoms due to X-ray irradiation were in many cases ineffective against fatal damage of the irradiation. Namely, the effects of the chemicals against these two kinds of damage were not always parallel.
2) The chemicals exerted great effect on the fatal damage of the irradiation according to the doses. It is consequently considered that dehydration in brain cells would be an important factor in fatal damage of X-ray.

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In both subactue thyroiditis and myxedema was observed the highly significantd decrease in circulating eosinophil cells in blood.
In 7 of 17 Patients with simple goiter and in 5 of 11 patients with subacute thyroiditis, urinary- 17-ketosteroid excretion was significantly low.
In 3 of 14 patients with simple goiter and in 5 of 12 patients with subacute thyroiditis, the Thorn test by the administration of adrenaline exhibited abnormal response.
In 9 of 12 patients with subacute thyroiditis, abnormal response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was obtained.
In 2 of 5 patients with subacute thyroiditis, the serum sodium and potassium levels were normal, and in the other 3, they were abnormal.
It wast herefore concluded that in simple goiter and shbacute thyroiditis as well as in thyrotoxicosis and myxedema, some disturbance of the pituitary adrenal function occurred.

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In Japan there are two dangerous species : Mamushi (Agkistrodon blomhoffii) and Habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis). Habu is found in the southwest islands of Japan. The cases of Habu snake bite in Amami Islands are about 300 per 150, 000 habitans a year and death rate is about 3 percent.
The characteristic symptomes of Habu bite are hemorrhage and necrosis.
The necrosis is severest in the parts rich in muscular tissues such as the leg. For the determination of Habu proteinase activity casein was used for substrate.
The amount of split products remaining in solution was determined colorimetrically by means of the phenol reagent, calculated as micromoles of tyrosine.
Crude Habit snake venom was fractionated by ammonium sulfate. Two fractions of Habu proteinase was obtained and each was designated as Hα and Hβ respectively.
Hα proteinase was further purified by ammonium fractionation and calcium phosphate gel. Frac tion-5 obtained by those purification procedures is electrophoretically pure and has high proteinase activity. When guinea pig was given injection of Fraction-5, severe necrosis with hemorrhage was observed. The histopathological pictures were described.

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Each of 4 thiuram-compounds.-tetramethylthiuram monoulfide (TMTM), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZDD) and N-cyclo-hexy1-2-benzothiazol sulferamide (CBS) was orally given to rats in 1020 mg per 100g body weight at one time, and in 1020mg per rat consecutively for 25 days, and effects on body weight, sexual cycle, weights of various organs as well as histological changes were investigated.
1) After the administration of TMTM, TMTD and ZDD at one time, disorder, chiefly prolongation of sexual cycle was produced in the ma jority of cases, but within 20 days, all were restored to the normal state.
2) After the consecutive administration for 25 days, remarkable decrease in body weight was brought about, but the effect of CBS was slighter than those of the other three.
3) After the consecutive administration of TMTM, TM TD and ZDD, there were many cases in which sexual cycle was stopped, but CBS caused only slight suppresion.
4) After the consecutive administration of TMTM, TMTD and ZDD, remarkable involution was seen in lymphoid tissue, and hyperfunction in the adrenal cor.ex.. in the ovary, atrophy of follicle and stroma was conspicuous, and in the uterus, most remarkable atrophy was noted in all the layers.

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A 14-year-old girl, was operated in October, 1957, with hemorrhagic tumor of the left clavicular lesion of the chest. Histologically, this tumor showed various patterns as in the following : Hemangioendotheliomatous, gemmangiomatous, fibrosarcomatous, xanthomatous and giant cell-like or pseudoalveolar ones. The outstanding neoplastic cells showing giant cell-like or pseudoalveolar arrangement were characterized by large nuclei, intensely basophilic cytoplasm and the potentialities to differentiate into endothelial cells, fibrocytes, pericytes and foam cells. This tumor, therefore, may be regarded as an undifferentiated mesenchymal mesoblastic sarcoma (hemangioblastic sarcoma) of the thoracic wall.

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