Surgical treatment for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage is still in discussion. The authors made a statistical study to determine whether surgery is indicated in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage by means of Neyman's confidence limits method. The materials were 519 patients with hemorrhage limited in the basal ganglia who had been treated in 5 different facilities in Japan. 326 of the patients had been surgically treated and 193 medically treated. In regard to patients in semicoma or coma, a significant difference is noted between surgically treated and medically treated groups as to survival rate and ADL as shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Thus, the study suggests that only the patients in semicoma or coma are indicated for surgery.

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We have studied CSF dynamics after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with the morphological alternation of the intracranial distribution of RI and clearance of intracranial RI.
The radionuclide used was 1 mCi of ¹⁸⁹Yb-DTPA. Scintiphotos of the head were taken at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after RI injection into the lumbar intrathecal space, and clearance curves were made by plotting the time (seconds) required for 50, 000 counts when each scintiphoto was taken. The curve showed an initial descending part representing increase in radioactivity in the head, followed by an ascending part representing loss of radioactivity. The materials studied were 123 RI-cisternographies applied to 88 cases of SAH, of which 72 were ruptured aneurysm. The remaining 16 cases were primary SAH. Normal control study was made on 20 cases of epilepsy, minor head injury and cerebral infarction. Morphological changes of scintiphotos were classified into 2 major groups, i.e., ventricular retention of RI (within 24 hours and beyond 24 hours), and subarachnoid block(unilateral and bilateral). The clearance curve also changed in 2 ways; one was a tendency of a shift in the base of the curve to the right, i.e. delay in establishing maximum counting rate, and the other was a decrease of ascending gradient after the base of the curve. These changes in clearance curve seemed to represent disturbance of CSF circulation and absorption. CSF dynamics after SAH were evaluated along with the patients' condition and RI-cisternographical changes, and the conclusions were as follows :
1. RI-cisternographical changes take 3 weeks after SAH to become stable, therefore, this examination should be done after this 3 week period.
2. Intracranial surgery of aneurysm does not influence CSF dynamics on RI-cisternography.
3. Ventricular retention of RI beyond 24 hours suggests NPH, even more so when combined with bilateral subarachnoid block.
4. RI-cisternography should be repeated on a patient suspected of NPH because ventricular retention within 24 hours and beyond 24 hours changes each other according to improvement or deterioration of the clinical features.
5. RI-cisternography is a most useful and safe tool both for evaluation of CSF dynamics after SAH and for diagnosis of NPH, which is definitely represented by ventricular retention of RI beyond 48 hours and by bilateral
subarachnoid block. However, accurate diagnosis and treatment of suspected NPH cases should be made by a comprehensive study of other examinations such as saline infusion test, pneumoencephalography and EEG.

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1. The middle cerebral artery of dogs was occluded by a clip and the collateral blood supply was compromised by subjecting to hemorrhagic hypotension for 1 hour. Following restoration of the systemic blood pressure by infusion of the shed blood, changes in an area of ischemia was investigated chiefly by fluorescein angiography (FAG) through the lingual artery and the femoral vein and by carbon perfusion (CP) through the heart. The involved cerebral tissue showed to marked hemorrhagic infarction 24 hours after restoration of the blood pressure.
2. Figure 1 demonstrated the capillary network in the normal canine brain by FAG and CP. During period of the early three hours after restoration of blood pressure to normal, patchy non-filling area by carbon black was observed within the cortex which surface showed complete or incomplete ischemia by FAG (Fig. 2). By six hours, a statistically significant increase in the ischemic area of the cerebral cortex was demonstrated in the territory of the clipped artery and edema could then be demonstrated in the affected cerebral tissue (Fig. 3). After twelve hours, diapedesis and extravasation of carbon particles had resulted from permeability changes in dilated long perforating vessels (Fig. 4) and within 24 hours the involved cerebral tissue showed marked hemorrhagic infarction which massive amount of extravasated carbon particles localized in the boundary zone between the deep cortical layer and the subcortical white matter (Fig. 6).

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There is little information as to the safety margin of degree and duration of controlled hypotension. The present study was designed to observe microvascular impairment after profound hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP).
Twenty nine adult mongrel dogs were used. All the dogs were anesthetized with halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen. With the exception of six dogs (control group), the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was acutely reduced to 36(± S.D. 4)mmHg and was maintained at this level for one hour by infusing SNP.
The patency of cerebral microvasculature was assessed by carbon black perfusion study via the thoracic aorta at a pressure of 150 mmHg. The perfusion was performed either after halothane anesthesia alone (6 dogs, control group) or after reestablishment of MABP values for periods of 0 ?? 5 minutes (9 dogs, group-A), of 90 minutes(8 dogs, group-B) and of 7 days (6 dogs, group-C).
Symmetrical distribution of grayish-black coloration was apparent macroscopically (Fig. 1). However, marked difference in small vessels density in various structures was observed microscopically.
In order to measure these differences quantitatively, a modification of Mitchell and Cranston's point counting method was used. All small vessels under 10μ in diameter were traced with Visopan projecting microscope under × 125 magnification (Fig. 2). Then, points counting screen tone, which has 500 points in 25 cm2 of area, was overlied on the traced small vessels. The number of points lying on small vessels were counted, and the ratio of points on small vessels to 500 points was calculated and expressed as a percentage which was termed “the frequency distribution of small vessels (FDSV).”
The FDSV was calculated at the same 15 structures in the 4 groups mentioned above (Fig. 3).
Results;
1) The FDSV in the control group varied from one structure to another over a wide range. But the standard deviation of the mean for the same structure in this group was small (Fig. 4).
2) The FDSV of the hypotensive groups (group-A, B, C)was not lower than that of the control group (Fig. 5a, b, c).
Conclusions;
1) To discuss whether the impaired filling of microvasculature was seen or not after the cerebral ischemia using carbon black perfusion study, the FDSV of the control group and that of the ischemic group must be compared quantitatively by objecting the same structure.
2) In adult mongrel dogs, SNP induced hypotension under the halothane anesthesia to a MABP of 36(± S.D. 4)mmHg for one hour does not alter the cerebral microcirculation as judged by the present method.

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Immunological responses of C57BL/6 mice against syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced glioma (203-glioma) were investigated by the methods of microcytotoxicity assay and adoptive transfer test. Following results were obtained. Spleen and lymph node cells from glioma-bearing mice were cytotoxic for glioma cells. Cytotoxic activity was specific to glioma cells and was almost completely eliminated by treatment with anti-Thy-1, 2 serum and complement. When 10⁶ viable 203-glioma cells were inoculated subcutaneously, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity of spleen cells appeared significantly on day 5, and the peak of cytotoxic activity were observed on day 14 (68.9 ?? 73.8% cytolysis). Following this initial increase of cytotoxicity, it decreased gradually while the volume of the tumor increased rapidly. These studies indicate that glioma-bearing hosts possess T lymphocytes that can be cytotoxic for glioma and can suppress tumor growth.

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The present study was designed to investigate the question whether or not unilateral lesion to the amygdala and its adjacent structures in cats produces significant change in sexual and fire-avoidance behavior. After the unilateral amygdalectomy, both male and female cats showed hyperactivity of sexual behavior, indicating successive estrus which was unobserved in normal cats during the regular mating seasons. Moreover, the amygdalectomized subjects did not show the fire-avoidance behavior. This disappearance of fire-avoidance behavior lasted over five weeks. It is considered that this result was due to psychic blindness, or visual agnosia, which Kluver and Bucy mentioned in monkeys after bilateral resection of the temporal lobes. The present finding implies that individual differences in sexual behavior appear to depend on the neural basis of the amygdala in adult cats, supporting an assumption that the amygdala is a controlling center of sexual and emotional behavior which is one of the principal role of the limbic system.

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We reported herein on the usefulness of ventriculography by means of percutaneous injection of a recently developed watersoluble contrast media of greater safety, through a shunt flushing reservoir; the method is called trans-reservoiral ventriculography, and is presented here with twelve clinical cases in which this examination was applied.
The trans-reservoiral ventriculography is useful especially in observing the course of brain tumor after either surgical or non-surgical treatment, inclusive of examination for tumor recurrence.

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A 60 year-old man with late cortical cerebellar atrophy was found to have calcified mass in the right side of the posterior fossa on skull films. Histological examination of the successfully excised mass revealed typical structure of the compact bone and there was nothing suggestive of tumor growth, vascular anomaly or congenital anomaly. Discussion is made with a review of the literature and it is concluded that intracerebellar hematoma has been ossified.

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